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(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as
that of the original.
(3) The translation should have all the ease of the original
composition.
Tytler's principles for achieving equivalence, taken at their face
value, suggest that languages are similar forms for universal ideas.
Tytler, hopefully, could not have meant that. He simply reacted
against Dryden's 'paraphrase' translation which turned out to be
extravagant, incoherent and, most importantly, subjective.
Nevertheless, a translation which reflects the spirit, manner, and
idea of the original, and, at the same time, possesses the natural ease
of the original, is a kind of verbal acrobatic exercise which requires
exceptional bilingual and bicultural competence.
In 'The Art of Translation' (1957), Savory, in an attempt to
resolve the problematic issue of equivalence, resorts to contrasting
pairs, of which I quote the following:
A translation should render the words of the original.
A translation should render the ideas of the original.
The translator is thus confronted with a serious dilemma wherein he
will have to painstakingly reproduce the linguistic form and the
semantic content of the source into the receptor language. Should an
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