Iv - University of Salford Institutional Repository
Iv - University of Salford Institutional Repository Iv - University of Salford Institutional Repository
U well at the same time." (Aden, 1963, p255) It is much like dancing on ropes with fettered legs; a man may shun a fall by using caution, but the gracefulness of motion is not to be expected... Imitation and verbal version are in my opinion the two extremes which ought to be avoided." (Stiener, 1975, pp262-63) Dryden's translations, however, were severely criticized for being 'inaccurate and unfaithful'. Comparing between 'metaphrase' and 'imitation' translations, Dryden argues that "The imitator is no better, and even worse, than the composer who appropriates his theme from another and produces his own variations". (ibid, p254) Steiner places the relationship between author and translator in a new perspective. He sees that the "relation of translator to author should be that of portrait-painter to his sitter. A good translation is a new garment which makes the inherent form familiar to us and yet in no way hinders its integral expressive motion." (ibid, p267). From the abme discussion, it becomes abundantly clear that translation, since its very inception, undertook to resolve the basic conflict between two extremes: word-for-word and sense-for-sense. Creative, or ultra-subjective, translation is unanimously unapplauded, except in poetry, as being unfaithful to the original. Word-for-word translation was virtually predominant during the Middle Ages. With the relaxation of the Church's grip over Bible translating, and the emergence of the Reformation in Germany, 'literal' translation gave way to 'meaningful' translation. The translator's focus radically shifted from the single word to the entire sense; from the form to the content. Thus, the road for more advanced and sophisticated theories of 8
translation was eventually cleared. However, the formulation of an all-subsuming theory for translation and, subsequently, the establishing of a precisely flawless and invulnerable model for transition quality assessment, remain yet to be investigated. Modern research in the field of translation exhibits a mutual relationship between translation theory and recent developmentS in linguistics, pragmatics, artificial intelligence studies and other related disciplines. On the whole, pragmatic theories capitalize on semantic theories. In other words, semantics is a pragmatic-goaled discipline. However, linguists and translation theorists, particularly in recent years, concerned themselves with one main issue in the whole process of translation, namely, the issue of equivalence. It is not irrelevant, however, to concentrate on equivalence since it has become, of late, a focal issue in all translation studies. EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION Equivalence is a key concept in translation. The entire corpus which has been written on the theory and practice of translation focuses on it as a sole reliable criterion for adequate translation. Assuming that language is a device for communicating messages, Nida and Taber (1969) contend that "The content is the conceptual intent of the message, together with the connotative values the source wishes to communicate; it is what the message is about. The form, on the other hand, is the external shape the message takes to effect its passage from the source's mind to the receptor's mind." The argument further 9
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- Page 17 and 18: elease Bayzantine prisoners in exch
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- Page 31 and 32: Neubert goes on to discuss the ways
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- Page 45 and 46: The communicative approach, of whic
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- Page 51 and 52: (3) RECEPTORS The author of a text
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- Page 61 and 62: In Europe, the linguistic analysis
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translation was eventually cleared. However, the formulation <strong>of</strong> an<br />
all-subsuming theory for translation and, subsequently, the<br />
establishing <strong>of</strong> a precisely flawless and invulnerable model for<br />
transition quality assessment, remain yet to be investigated.<br />
Modern research in the field <strong>of</strong> translation exhibits a mutual<br />
relationship between translation theory and recent developmentS in<br />
linguistics, pragmatics, artificial intelligence studies and other<br />
related disciplines. On the whole, pragmatic theories capitalize on<br />
semantic theories. In other words, semantics is a pragmatic-goaled<br />
discipline. However, linguists and translation theorists,<br />
particularly in recent years, concerned themselves with one main issue<br />
in the whole process <strong>of</strong> translation, namely, the issue <strong>of</strong> equivalence.<br />
It is not irrelevant, however, to concentrate on equivalence since it<br />
has become, <strong>of</strong> late, a focal issue in all translation studies.<br />
EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION<br />
Equivalence is a key concept in translation. The entire corpus<br />
which has been written on the theory and practice <strong>of</strong> translation<br />
focuses on it as a sole reliable criterion for adequate translation.<br />
Assuming that language is a device for communicating messages, Nida and<br />
Taber (1969) contend that "The content is the conceptual intent <strong>of</strong> the<br />
message, together with the connotative values the source wishes to<br />
communicate; it is what the message is about. The form, on the other<br />
hand, is the external shape the message takes to effect its passage<br />
from the source's mind to the receptor's mind." The argument further<br />
9
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