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The rhetorical model is primarily aimed at not only
discovering the shifts on the micro-structural level, ie. the word,
phrase, sentence or clause but also detecting the consequences of
the microstructural shifts on the macro-structure, ie. the level of
characters, events, time, place and other meaningful components of
the text. The precise identification, proportionate distribution,
and the cohesive integration of the micro-structural units on the
level of obligatory, extended, and accessory meaning influence and
determine the macro-structural meaning of text. Three main
categories of shifts can be distinguished. If one or two transemes
- a term used by Kitty M van Leuven-Zwart for 'comparable,
meaningful text units' - has an aspect of disjunction
(dissimilarity), the shift is called 'modulation'. Different
aspects of disjunction occur on the semantic and stylistic level.
If the aspect of disjunction appears in the transeme of the
original text, the shift is called 'modulation/generalization'.
If, on the other hand, the aspect of disjunction appears on the
transeme of the translated text, the shift is called
'modulation/specification'. If the transemes of the original and
the translation show an aspect of disjunction, the shift is called
- 'modification'. Modification occurs when both transemes have an
aspect of disjunction. The third shift is called 'mutation'. This
category of shifts applies in those cases where it is impossible to
establish a common denominator, or an 'architranseme', between the
original transeme and the corresponding translation transeme.
Addition or deletion of clauses or phrases are clear cases of
mutation. This common denominator, against which origInal and
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