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semantics and the speech act theory take into account both the
syntactic and phonological rules of sentence formation as well as the
semantic and contextual rules that govern actual speech situations.
In literary criticism, a parallel movement shifted focus from
emphasis on the autonomy of the text itself to a re-recognition of the
relevance of text to its relevant context, whether historical,
cultural, ideological or psychoanalytic. In the same manner, Czech
and French structuralism was challenged by semiotics and Derridean
post-structuralism. Six varieties of audience-oriented criticism may
be distinguished: rhetorical, semiotic and structuralist,
phenomenolgical, subjective and psychoanalytic, sociological and
historical, and hermeneutic. What is relevant to our model for
translation quality assessment is the rhetorical variety of literary
criticism.
Jakobsen's model of the text as a form of communication is shared
by the rhetorical and semiotic-structuralist varieties of literary
criticism. According to this model, the author and the reader of a
text are related to each other as the sender and receiver of a
message. The transmission and reception of any message depend on the
presence of one or more shared codes of communication between the
sender and receiver. Translating, therefore, consists of a process of
decoding what has been encoded in the SL text before recoding it in
the TL text. Any criticism which conceives of the text as a message to
be decoded, and seeks to study the means whereby authors attempt to
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