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... privaverit, possit dicere. I do not think our passage at all analogous to those he quotes, and still
prefer to construe quem as a strong relative, making a pause between quis and quem. Visionem:
Simply another trans. of fa?tas?a. Ut Carneades: see Sext. A.M. VII. 166 t?? te p??a??? fa?tas?
a? ?a? t?? p??a??? ?aµa ?a? ape??spast?? ?a? d?e??de?µe??? (R. and P. 411). As the trans. of
the latter phrase in Zeller 524 "probable undisputed and tested" is imperfect, I will give Sextus'
own explanation. The merely p??a?? is that sensation which at first sight, without any further
inquiry, seems probably true (Sext. A.M. VII. 167—175). Now no sensation is perceived alone;
the percipient subject has always other synchronous sensations which are able to turn him aside
(pe??spa?, pe??e??e??) from the one which is the immediate object of his attention. This last is
only called ape??spast?? when examination has shown all the concomitant sensations to be in
harmony with it. (Sext. as above 175—181.) The word "undisputed," therefore, is a misleading
trans. of the term. The d?e??de?µe?? ("thoroughly explored") requires more than a mere
apparent agreement of the concomitant sensations with the principal one. Circumstances quite
external to the sensations themselves must be examined; the time at which they occur, or during
which they continue; the condition of the space within which they occur, and the apparent
intervals between the person and the objects; the state of the air; the disposition of the person's
mind, and the soundness or unsoundness of his eyes (Sext. 181—189).
§34. Communitas: apa?a??a??a or ep?µ???a t?? fa?tas???; Sext. A.M. VII. 403, P.H. I. 127.
Proprium: so Sext. often uses ?d??µa, e.g. A. M. IX. 410. Signo notari: signo for nota, merely
from love of variety. The in before communi, though bracketed by Halm after Manut., Lamb. is
perfectly sound; it means "within the limits of," and is so used after notare in De Or., III. 186.
Convicio: so Madv. Em. 143 corrected the corrupt MSS. readings, comparing Orator 160, Ad
Fam. XV. 18. A.W. Zumpt on Pro Murena 13 rightly defines the Ciceronian use of the word,
"Non unum maledictum appellatur convicium sed multorum verborum quasi vociferatio." He is
wrong however in thinking that Cic. only uses the word once in the plural (Ad Att. II. 18, 1), for it
occurs N.D. II. 20, and elsewhere. Perspicua: e?a???, a term used with varying signification by
all the later Greek schools. Verum illud quidem: "which is indeed what they call 'true'."
Impressum: n. on 18. Percipi atque comprehendi: Halm retains the barbarous ac of the MSS.
before the guttural. It is quite impossible that Cic. could have written it. The two verbs are both
trans. of ?ata?aµßa?es?a?; Cic. proceeds as usual on the principle thus described in D.F. III. 14
erit notius quale sit, pluribus notatum vocabulis idem declarantibus. Subtiliter: Cic.'s constant
trans. of a???ß?? or ?at' a???ße?a? (passim in Sext. e.g. P.H. II. 123). Inaniterne moveatur:
MSS. agree in ve for ne, on which see M.D.F. IV. 76. Inaniter = ?e??? = ?e?d??. Cf. n. on I. 35,
also II. 47, D.F. V. 3 (inaniter moveri), T.D. IV. 13, De Div. II. 120, 126, 140 (per se moveri),
Greek ?e??pa?e?? (Sext. P.H. II. 49), ?e??pa?e?a (= inanis motus, Sext. A.M. VIII. 184), ?e??
pa??µata ?a? a?ap?asµata t?? d?a???a? (ib. VIII. 354), d?a?e??? ?e???sµ?? (ib. VII. 241), d?a?
e??? fa?tas?a (ib. VIII. 67), and the frequent phrase ????µa t?? d?a???a?. For the meaning see
n. on 47. Relinquitur: so in Sext. ap??e?pe?? is constantly used as the opposite of a?a??e??
(tollere).
§35. Neminem etc.: they are content to make strong statements without any mark of certainty.
Primo quasi adspectu: the merely p??a?? fa?tas?a is here meant; see 33.
§36. Ex circumspectione, etc.: the d?e??de?µe??; see n. on 33. Primum quia ... deinde: for the
slight anacoluthia, cf. M.D.F ed. II. p. 796. Iis visis, etc.: i.e. if you have a number of things,
emitting a number of appearances, and you cannot be sure of uniting each appearance to the
thing from which it proceeds, then you can have no faith in any appearance even if you have
gone through the process required by Carneades' rules. Ad verum ipsum: cf. 40. Quam proxime:
cf. 47, and also 7. Insigne: s?µe???, the same as nota and signum above. Quo obscurato: so
Lamb. for MSS. obscuro which Halm keeps. Cf. quam obscurari volunt in 42 and quo sublato in
33. Argumentum: Cic. seems to be thinking of the word te?µ?????, which, however, the Stoics
hardly use. Id quod significatur: t? s?µe???t?? in Sext.
§§37—40. Summary The distinction of an animal is to act. You must either therefore
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