academica of cicero. - 912 Freedom Library

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Project Gutenberg eBook of ... est: an approach to this theory is made in Plat. Theaet. 185, 191. Cf. especially Sext. Adv. Math. VII. 350 ?a? ??? µe? d?afe?e?? a?t?? t?? a?s??se??, ??? ??? p?e????, ??? de a?t?? e??a? ta? a?s??se?? ... ??? stase?? ???e St?at??. All powers of sensation with the Stoics, who are perhaps imitated here, were included in the ???eµ??????, cf. n. on I. 38. Alia quasi: so Faber for aliqua. "In vera et aperta partitione nec Cicero nec alius quisquam aliquis—alius dixit, multo minus alius—aliquis," M.D.F. III. 63. Goer. on the other hand says he can produce 50 exx. of the usage, he forbears however, to produce them. Recondit: so the e????a? are called ap??e?µe?a? ???se? ? (Plut. De Sto. Repug. p. 1057 a). In Sext. Adv. Math. VII. 373 µ??µ? is called ??sa???sµ?? fa? tas???. Similitudinibus: ?a?' ??µ???s?? Sext. Pyrr. Hyp. II. 75. Cic. uses this word as including all processes by which the mind gets to know things not immediately perceived by sense. In D.F. III. 33 it receives its proper meaning, for which see Madv. there, and the passages he quotes, "analogies" will here best translate the word, which, is used in the same wide sense in N.D. II. 22 38. Construit: so MSS. Orelli gave constituit. Notitiae: cf. 22. Cic. fails to distinguish between the f?s??a? e????a? or ????a? which are the p?????e??, and those e????a? which are the conscious product of the reason, in the Stoic system. Cf. M.D.F. III. 21, V. 60, for this and other inaccuracies of Cic. in treating of the same subject, also Zeller 79. Rerumque: "facts". Perfecta: sapientia, virtus, perfecta ratio, are almost convertible terms in the expositions of Antiocheanism found in Cic. Cf. I. 20. §31. Vitaeque constantiam: which philosophy brings, see 23. Cognitionem: ep?st?µ??. Cognitio is used to translate ?ata????? in D.F. II. 16, III. 17, cf. n. on I. 41. Ut dixi ... dicemus: For the repetition cf. 135, 146, and M.D.F. I. 41. The future tense is odd and unlike Cic. Lamb. wrote dicimus, I would rather read dicamus; cf. n. on 29. Per se: ?a?' a?t??, there is no need to read propter, as Lamb. Ut virtutem efficiat: note that virtue is throughout this exposition treated as the result of the exercise of the reason. Evertunt: cf. eversio in 99. Animal ... animo: Cic. allows animus to all animals, not merely anima; see Madv. D.F. V. 38. The rule given by Forc. s.v. animans is therefore wrong. Temeritate: p??pete?a, which occurs passim in Sext. The word, which is constantly hurled at the dogmatists by the sceptics, is here put by way of retort. So in Sext. Adv. Math. VII. 260, the sceptic is called eµß???t?t?? for rejecting the ?ata??pt??? fa?tas? a. §32. Incerta: ad??a. Democritus: cf. I. 44. Quae ... abstruserit: "because she has hidden." Alii autem: note the ellipse of the verb, and cf. I. 2. Etiam queruntur: "actually complain;" "go so far as to complain." Inter incertum: cf. Numenius in Euseb. Pr. Ev. XIV. 7, 12, d?af??a? e??a? ad?? ?? ?a? a?ata??pt??, ?a? pa?ta µe? e??a? a?ata??pta ?? pa?ta de ad??a (quoted as from Carneades), also 54 of this book. Docere: "to prove," cf. n. on 121. Qui haec distinguunt: the followers of Carneades rather than those of Arcesilas; cf. n. on I. 45. Stellarum numerus: this typical uncertainty is constantly referred to in Sext. e.g. P.H. II. 90, 98, A.M. VII. 243, VIII. 147, 317; where it is reckoned among things a?????? e???ta a???s?a?. So in the Psalms, God only "telleth the number of the stars;" cf. 110. Aliquos: contemptuous; ap??e???µe???? t??a?. Cf. Parad. 33 agrestis aliquos. Moveri: this probably refers to the speech of Catulus; see Introd. p. 51. Aug. Cont. Ac. III. 15 refers to this passage, which must have been preserved in the second edition. §33. Veri et falsi: these words Lamb. considered spurious in the first clause, and Halm brackets; but surely their repetition is pointed and appropriate. "You talk about a rule for distinguishing between the true and the false while you do away with the notion of true and false altogether." The discussion here really turns on the use of terms. If it is fair to use the term "true" to denote the probably true, the Academics are not open to the criticism here attempted; cf. 111 tam vera quam falsa cernimus. Ut inter rectum et pravum: the sceptic would no more allow the absolute certainty of this distinction than of the other. Communis: the apa?a??a?t?? of Sextus; "in whose vision true and false are confused." Cf. ????? fa?tas?a a?????? ?a? ?e?d??? Sext. A.M. VII. 164 (R. and P. 410), also 175. Notam: the s?µe??? of Sextus; cf. esp. P.H. II. 97 sq. Eodem modo falsum: Sext. A.M. VII. 164 (R. and P. 410) ??deµ?a est?? a????? fa?tas?a ???a ??? a? ?e???t? ?e?d??. Ut si quis: Madv. in an important n. on D.F. IV. 30 explains this thus; ista ratione si quis http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14970/14970-h/14970-h.htm[1/5/2010 10:31:57 AM]
The Project Gutenberg eBook of ... ... privaverit, possit dicere. I do not think our passage at all analogous to those he quotes, and still prefer to construe quem as a strong relative, making a pause between quis and quem. Visionem: Simply another trans. of fa?tas?a. Ut Carneades: see Sext. A.M. VII. 166 t?? te p??a??? fa?tas? a? ?a? t?? p??a??? ?aµa ?a? ape??spast?? ?a? d?e??de?µe??? (R. and P. 411). As the trans. of the latter phrase in Zeller 524 "probable undisputed and tested" is imperfect, I will give Sextus' own explanation. The merely p??a?? is that sensation which at first sight, without any further inquiry, seems probably true (Sext. A.M. VII. 167—175). Now no sensation is perceived alone; the percipient subject has always other synchronous sensations which are able to turn him aside (pe??spa?, pe??e??e??) from the one which is the immediate object of his attention. This last is only called ape??spast?? when examination has shown all the concomitant sensations to be in harmony with it. (Sext. as above 175—181.) The word "undisputed," therefore, is a misleading trans. of the term. The d?e??de?µe?? ("thoroughly explored") requires more than a mere apparent agreement of the concomitant sensations with the principal one. Circumstances quite external to the sensations themselves must be examined; the time at which they occur, or during which they continue; the condition of the space within which they occur, and the apparent intervals between the person and the objects; the state of the air; the disposition of the person's mind, and the soundness or unsoundness of his eyes (Sext. 181—189). §34. Communitas: apa?a??a??a or ep?µ???a t?? fa?tas???; Sext. A.M. VII. 403, P.H. I. 127. Proprium: so Sext. often uses ?d??µa, e.g. A. M. IX. 410. Signo notari: signo for nota, merely from love of variety. The in before communi, though bracketed by Halm after Manut., Lamb. is perfectly sound; it means "within the limits of," and is so used after notare in De Or., III. 186. Convicio: so Madv. Em. 143 corrected the corrupt MSS. readings, comparing Orator 160, Ad Fam. XV. 18. A.W. Zumpt on Pro Murena 13 rightly defines the Ciceronian use of the word, "Non unum maledictum appellatur convicium sed multorum verborum quasi vociferatio." He is wrong however in thinking that Cic. only uses the word once in the plural (Ad Att. II. 18, 1), for it occurs N.D. II. 20, and elsewhere. Perspicua: e?a???, a term used with varying signification by all the later Greek schools. Verum illud quidem: "which is indeed what they call 'true'." Impressum: n. on 18. Percipi atque comprehendi: Halm retains the barbarous ac of the MSS. before the guttural. It is quite impossible that Cic. could have written it. The two verbs are both trans. of ?ata?aµßa?es?a?; Cic. proceeds as usual on the principle thus described in D.F. III. 14 erit notius quale sit, pluribus notatum vocabulis idem declarantibus. Subtiliter: Cic.'s constant trans. of a???ß?? or ?at' a???ße?a? (passim in Sext. e.g. P.H. II. 123). Inaniterne moveatur: MSS. agree in ve for ne, on which see M.D.F. IV. 76. Inaniter = ?e??? = ?e?d??. Cf. n. on I. 35, also II. 47, D.F. V. 3 (inaniter moveri), T.D. IV. 13, De Div. II. 120, 126, 140 (per se moveri), Greek ?e??pa?e?? (Sext. P.H. II. 49), ?e??pa?e?a (= inanis motus, Sext. A.M. VIII. 184), ?e?? pa??µata ?a? a?ap?asµata t?? d?a???a? (ib. VIII. 354), d?a?e??? ?e???sµ?? (ib. VII. 241), d?a? e??? fa?tas?a (ib. VIII. 67), and the frequent phrase ????µa t?? d?a???a?. For the meaning see n. on 47. Relinquitur: so in Sext. ap??e?pe?? is constantly used as the opposite of a?a??e?? (tollere). §35. Neminem etc.: they are content to make strong statements without any mark of certainty. Primo quasi adspectu: the merely p??a?? fa?tas?a is here meant; see 33. §36. Ex circumspectione, etc.: the d?e??de?µe??; see n. on 33. Primum quia ... deinde: for the slight anacoluthia, cf. M.D.F ed. II. p. 796. Iis visis, etc.: i.e. if you have a number of things, emitting a number of appearances, and you cannot be sure of uniting each appearance to the thing from which it proceeds, then you can have no faith in any appearance even if you have gone through the process required by Carneades' rules. Ad verum ipsum: cf. 40. Quam proxime: cf. 47, and also 7. Insigne: s?µe???, the same as nota and signum above. Quo obscurato: so Lamb. for MSS. obscuro which Halm keeps. Cf. quam obscurari volunt in 42 and quo sublato in 33. Argumentum: Cic. seems to be thinking of the word te?µ?????, which, however, the Stoics hardly use. Id quod significatur: t? s?µe???t?? in Sext. §§37—40. Summary The distinction of an animal is to act. You must either therefore http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14970/14970-h/14970-h.htm[1/5/2010 10:31:57 AM]
Page 1 and 2:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of ...
Page 3 and 4:
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46: The Project Gutenberg eBook of ...
Page 95: The Project Gutenberg eBook of ...
Page 141: The Project Gutenberg eBook of ...
show all

academica of cicero. - 912 Freedom Library

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?