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MoraVian geographical reports 4/2010, Vol. 18 Soil degradation increases due to accelerated soil erosion and because of the lack of land users willingness to apply soil conservation measures during the last ten years, associated with a weak legislation and lack of economic motivation. Further, land users are aware of degradation problems in the case study area to some extent but there is a lack of information and educational programmes targeted on the environmental problems and on the consequences of soil degradation processes. The negative trends in soil degradation due to water erosion continue in spite of material impacts on the production capacity of soils. Reason is that current and recent effects of erosion on productivity have been masked by improved and increased fertilization, improved cultivars, selective pesticides, technology and management. However, it is evident that this compensatory process cannot be maintained indefinitely. 5. Conclusions As mentioned above, the best situation is on the farms where soil degradation problems have been already improved (mostly due to a high activity of Morava River Board, State Enterprise) during the last ten years and especially in the upper part of the case study area (a part of the area is designated as drinking water protected zone – Vír Reservoir Dam). The improvement has been achieved mainly because farmers have adopted a system of agro-technical and References: CAMMERAAT, L. H., IMESON, A. C. (1998): Deriving indicators of soil degradation from soil aggregation studies in SE Spain and S France. Geomorphology, Vol. 23, No. 2 – 4, p. 307 – 321. GREENLAND, D. J., SZABOLCS, I. (1994): Soil Resilience and Sustainable Land Use. CAB International: Wallingford, p. 267 – 394. 8 Soil degradation problem Trend farm 1 farm 2 farm 3 farm 4 farm 5 farm 6 farm 7 farm 8 Soil erosion (water) 2 3 4 1 3 2 3 3 Soil erosion (wind) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Loss of organic matter 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 Carbon balance 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 Diffuse contamination 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 3 Compaction 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 Acidification 2 1 0 2 2 1 2 2 Retention capacity 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 Off-site damages 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 Tab. 2: Trends in soil degradation on various farms over the last ten years Note: The numbers indicate the trend of soil degradation problems of farms, with the classification ranging from 5 (great change) to 1 (small change). All ratings are positive indicating that soil degradation is perceived to have become more severe. The rating was made through interviewing different farms (Questionnaire) organizational measures such as conversion of arable land to grassland and growing of intercrops and undersown crops and suitable agricultural techniques causing less soil degradation Nevertheless, when introducing a soil erosion control in a certain watershed, agro-technical soil management and organizational practices themselves are usually not enough to curb the surface runoff substantially. This is why it is necessary to apply a whole complex system of soil conservation measures including technical measures (Janeček et al., 2007). Biotechnical and technical soil conservation measures cannot be applied without respecting property rights. Therefore, it was found suitable to develop a system of soil and water conservation in the process of land consolidation in the Czech Republic. Recently, the process of complex land consolidation in the Czech Republic has provided a unique opportunity for improving the quality of the environment and sustainability of crop production through better soil and water conservation. Acknowledgement This study was supported by the framework of So- Co project and research projects No. QH 72203 and 0002704902 of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic.
Vol. 18, 4/2010 MoraVian geographical reports JANEČEK, M. et al. (2007): Protection of Agricultural Soils from the Soil Erosion. Methodics. VÚMOP, v.v.i., Praha. 76 pp. LAL, R. (1998): Soil erosion impact on agronomic productivity and environment quality. Critical review, Plant Science, Vol. 17, p. 319 – 464. LAL, R., STEWART, B. A. (1990): Soil Degradation. Springer Verlag: New York, NY, 249 pp. LUTZ, E., PAGIOLA. S., REICHE, C. (1994): The costs and benefits of soil conservation: the farmers’ viewpoint. The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, Washington D.C. Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 273 – 295. OUDWATER, N., MARTIN, A. (2003): Methods and issues in exploring local knowledge of soils. Geodetka, Vol. 111, No. 3, p. 387 – 401. PATERSON, R. G., LUGER, M. I., BURBY, R. J., KAISER, E. J., MALCOM, H. R., BEARD, A. C. (1993): Costs and benefits of urban erosion and sediment control: The North Carolina experience. Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 167 – 178. PIMENTEL, D., HARVEY, C., RESOSUDARMO, P., SINCLAIR, K., KUNZ, D., MCNAIR, M., CRIST, S., SHPRITZ, L., FITTON, L., SAOURI, R., BLAIR, R. (1995): Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science, No. 267, p. 1117 – 1123. REICOSKY, D. C., LINDSTROM, M. J., SCHUMACHER, T. E., LOBB, D. E., MALO, D. D. (2005): Tillage-induced CO loss 2 across an eroded landscape. Soil & Tillage Research, Vol. 81, p. 183 – 194. Authors‘ addresses: Assoc. Prof. Ing. Miroslav DUMBROVSKÝ, CSc., e-mail: dumbrovsky.m@fce.vutbr.cz Ing. Veronika HOŠKOVÁ, e-mail: hoskova.v@fce.vutbr.cz Ing. Kateřina VAŠINOVÁ. e-mail: kvasinova@seznam.cz Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute for Landscape Water Management Žižkova 17, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic Ing. Jana PODHRÁZSKÁ, e-mail: podhrazska.jana@vumop.cz Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Dept. For Land Use Planning Brno Lidická 25/27, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic 9
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