Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Gibe III

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Gibe III – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 300 ENV R CS 002 C – A9003099 4.4 Assessment......................................................................................................................73 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT .............................................................75 5.1 Physical Environment.....................................................................................................75 5.1.1 Climate ............................................................................................................................................75 5.1.2 Geology ...........................................................................................................................................78 5.1.3 Seismology.......................................................................................................................................85 5.1.4 Reservoir Slope ...............................................................................................................................86 5.1.5 Hydrogeology..................................................................................................................................87 5.1.6 Soils.................................................................................................................................................91 5.1.7 Hydrology........................................................................................................................................92 5.1.8 Water quality.................................................................................................................................120 5.2 Biological Environment................................................................................................122 5.2.1 Land Use and Land Cover.............................................................................................................122 5.2.2 Natural Vegetation and Forest Resources.....................................................................................124 5.2.3 Aquatic Ecology ............................................................................................................................130 5.2.4 Fishery Resources .........................................................................................................................132 5.2.5 Wildlife Resources.........................................................................................................................135 5.2.6 National Parks and Other Protected Areas...................................................................................136 5.3 Socio-Economical Environment ...................................................................................136 5.3.1 Population .....................................................................................................................................137 5.3.2 Ethnic Compositions......................................................................................................................140 5.3.3 Religion .........................................................................................................................................140 5.3.4 Gender Issues ................................................................................................................................142 5.3.5 Settlement Pattern and Housing Condition...................................................................................143 5.3.6 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................................143 5.3.7 Livestock........................................................................................................................................144 5.3.8 Cultural, Religious, Historical and Archaeological Sites .............................................................146 5.3.9 Public Health.................................................................................................................................149 5.3.10 Water Supply .................................................................................................................................154 5.3.11 Other Social Service and Infrastructures ......................................................................................154 5.3.12 Tourism .........................................................................................................................................154 5.3.13 NGOs working in and around the affected Weredas.....................................................................155 5.4 Baseline Information: Downstream Area .....................................................................155 5.4.1 Geology .........................................................................................................................................155 5.4.2 Hydrogeology................................................................................................................................158 5.4.3 Land Use/Cover units....................................................................................................................158 5.4.4 Hydrology......................................................................................................................................161 5.4.5 Ethnic Groups of the Lower Omo Valley.......................................................................................164 5.4.6 Livestock........................................................................................................................................175 5.4.7 Fishery...........................................................................................................................................177 5.4.8 National Parks and other Protected Areas....................................................................................180 6 PROJECT BENEFITS ...............................................................................................183 6.1 Power generation ..........................................................................................................183 6.2 Avoidance of CO2 emissions ........................................................................................184 6.3 Prospects to Export Power............................................................................................184 6.4 Effective Utilization of the Country’s Water Resource................................................184 6.5 Improvements in Local Access.....................................................................................184 6.6 Job Opportunity ............................................................................................................185 6.7 Gender Issues................................................................................................................185 6.8 Fishery development.....................................................................................................186 6.9 Regulation of the River Flow for Irrigation..................................................................186 6.10 Flood Protection............................................................................................................187 6.11 Tourism Activities ........................................................................................................187 6.12 River Navigation...........................................................................................................187 6.13 Beneficial Impacts on Wildlife resource ......................................................................187 CESI SpA - Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers Page iii
Gibe III – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 300 ENV R CS 002 C – A9003099 7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ACTIONS ...................................189 7.1 General..........................................................................................................................189 7.2 Impacts on Physical Environment ................................................................................189 7.2.1 Climate ..........................................................................................................................................189 7.2.2 Geothermal activity .......................................................................................................................196 7.2.3 Seismology.....................................................................................................................................196 7.2.4 Hydrogeology................................................................................................................................197 7.2.5 Slope stability ................................................................................................................................198 7.2.6 Hydrology and Water quality ........................................................................................................199 7.2.7 Landscape......................................................................................................................................201 7.3 Impacts on Biological Environment .............................................................................202 7.3.1 Forest and Natural Vegetation......................................................................................................202 7.3.2 Wildlife and other Terrestrial Fauna ............................................................................................204 7.3.3 Aquatic Ecology ............................................................................................................................209 7.3.4 Fishery Resources .........................................................................................................................210 7.3.5 National Parks and other Protected Areas....................................................................................211 7.4 Impacts on Socio-Economical Environment ................................................................211 7.4.1 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................................211 7.4.2 Housing and Settlements ...............................................................................................................212 7.4.3 Tribal People.................................................................................................................................213 7.4.4 Livestock Resources ......................................................................................................................213 7.4.5 Agro-pastoralists Population ........................................................................................................217 7.4.6 Public Health.................................................................................................................................218 7.4.7 Infrastructure and Severance of Access ........................................................................................220 7.4.8 Impacts on Other Social Service Facilities and Economic Activities............................................221 7.4.9 Cultural and Historical Sites.........................................................................................................225 7.4.10 Archaeological Sites......................................................................................................................225 7.5 Downstream effects ......................................................................................................226 7.5.1 General..........................................................................................................................................226 7.5.2 Hydraulic regime...........................................................................................................................226 7.5.3 Downstream flows during construction and first impoundment....................................................229 7.5.4 Daily Flow Variation Acoustic Warning System...........................................................................229 7.5.5 Sediment transport and water quality ...........................................................................................229 7.5.6 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................................230 7.5.7 Grazing resources .........................................................................................................................232 7.5.8 Fishery...........................................................................................................................................233 7.5.9 National Parks...............................................................................................................................234 7.5.10 Dipa Hayk Lake.............................................................................................................................234 7.6 Impacts Associated with Ancillary Works ...................................................................234 7.6.1 Quarries and Borrow Areas ..........................................................................................................234 7.6.2 Spoil and Waste Material Disposal Areas.....................................................................................235 7.7 Cumulative Impact Assessment....................................................................................236 7.7.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................236 7.7.2 Results of Cumulative Impact analysis..........................................................................................240 7.8 Synthesis of Environment Impact Matrix.....................................................................242 8 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE..................................................245 8.1 Objective of Public Consultations ................................................................................245 8.2 Consultation Methodologies.........................................................................................245 8.3 Identifying Stakeholders...............................................................................................246 8.4 Results of Dam and Reservoir Area Consultation........................................................246 8.4.1 Consultations with Community Focused Groups ..........................................................................246 8.4.2 Views of Individual Households ....................................................................................................247 8.4.3 Consultations with Local Officials ................................................................................................247 8.5 Results of Downstream Areas Consultation .................................................................249 8.5.1 Views of Local Administrations.....................................................................................................249 8.5.2 Views of the Community................................................................................................................250 CESI SpA - Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers Page iv
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