Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Gibe III

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Gibe III – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 300 ENV R CS 002 C - A9003099 As compensation action, a new bridge across the Omo River will be built downstream of the Gibe III dam. After reservoir impounding, the permanent link between the Omo River left and right banks will be possible utilising the new road (on the right bank plateau) to the dam site, passage over the downstream toe of the dam and a new road on the left plateau from the dam site to the existing road (or to Kindo Halale) will be constructed. Submergence of footpath crossings on the Omo River Along the long stretch of the Gibe III reservoir there are an estimated nine river crossings (See Figure 7.1). These crossings are mainly used when the river flow is low for transporting goods to market places and serve a significant portion of deep rural community belonging to Dawro, Wolayita, Hadiya, Kembata, Tembaro and Oromo ethnic groups. These people attend weekly markets and visit their relatives by crossing the Omo River using these trails. The interruption of these crossings will significantly affect the social interactions and the socio-economic values of the people living on both sides of the river. The population density on the left bank is relatively higher and the area is food insecure than the western part of the region where there is food surplus. Therefore, it was observed that the community in the Eastern part of the Gibe III reservoir crossed the river more often to purchase agricultural products. There is also no other well developed alternative road infrastructure available that could be used to alleviate the problem. Therefore, the impact is considered to be very significant. As mitigation action, it is recommended to establish a boat service at the affected nine locations (See Figure 7.2) to provide service to transport people their goods and livestock’s. The unit cost for the establishment of boat service is estimated at 1 million Birr/station. This includes cost of purchase boats and related accessories. In addition, considering the high fluctuation of the water level in the reservoir (upto 90 m) appropriately designed and constructed 9+9 wharfs will be required. This is a one time cost that will be incurred during the first year of the implementation phase and no other cost will be required thereafter, since co-operatives could be organized to operate and maintain the boats as they provide services by charging passengers. The people who are currently providing the service to cross the rivers could be organised further to provide similar service in a better way. Therefore, the total amount of money required to establish the boat service to compensate for the flooding of river crossing points is estimated at 9 million birr. 7.4.8 Impacts on Other Social Service Facilities and Economic Activities Visits made to the project area and discussions held with key informants indicated that Gibe III reservoir will have no effect on social service facilities like public buildings, schools, health centres, water supply facilities, electric and telephone lines and religious institutions (churches and mosques). Therefore, no mitigation measures will be required. Loss of Hot spring One of the potential impacts to the local communities will be the loss of hot springs (located closer to the Rivers) to flooding. According to the interviewed community members, the hot springs are considered as holy water and people usually go to these springs to take bath (See Photo 7.5) expecting to be cured from different kinds of diseases such as skin and stomach diseases. Of the affected hot springs some are located at Asawicho PA in Soro wereda, Belela PA in Omo Sheleko wereda, Bombe PA in Boloso Sore wereda and in Gena Bossa wereda. This impact is unavoidable due to the nature and location of the resource and no direct CESI SpA - Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers Page 221
Gibe III – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 300 ENV R CS 002 C - A9003099 mitigation is possible. However, it is recommended to locate and develop new hot spring sites (if there are any) and improve or provide access roads. This would be done in consultation with the affected communities and their leaders. Photo 7.5: Hot Spring Site Located in the Reservoir Area Loss of “Horra”/Salty Water Pond According to the information from Gena Bossa Wereda Office, a salty water pond known as “Horra” is located within the proposed reservoir area (near the Omo River). The cattle drink from this salt water and farmers do not buy salt for their cattle because they have this “Horra” around. However, with implementation of the Gibe III reservoir this salty water pond will be affected. The impact to the local population is the unavoidable impact due to the nature and location of the resources. Loss of “Bolle” Bole is a kind of soil material used for fattening cattle and this resource (located at Ole kebele of Soro Wereda) will be submerged by the future reservoir. The impact is unavoidable due to the nature and location of the resources. Impacts on some Economic Advantages Although relatively minor, the inundation of the area by the reservoir will bring adverse impacts on the livelihood of the local people who collect forest product for home consumption and market in different ways (See Table 7.5). Table 7.5: Loss of Advantages No Types of Losses 1 Fire wood 2 House construction woods 3 Grass for house roofing 4 Forest honey production 5 Hunting of animals for food consumption 6 Wild plant fruits and roots for food consumption in worst times 7 Cultural medicine plants and roots Although project affected persons are the ones who bear the main impact, as indicated above other households and communities in the project affected PAs will also be affected directly and/or indirectly by the project. In addition to loss of access to natural resources the impacts by the project include among others: CESI SpA - Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers Page 222
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Gibe III

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