Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Gibe III

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Gibe III – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 300 ENV R CS 002 C - A9003099 Reservoirs Production (TWh) Inounded surface (Km 2 ) Émissions (MtCO2équ. an -1 /TWh an -1 ) GIBE III HPP 0.64 206 0.014 Complexe La Grande 82 13000 0.05 (±0.02) Churchill/Nelson 14 1400 0.02 (±0.01) Complexe Manic 20 2645 0.04 (±0.02) Sainte-Marguerite** 2.77 253 0.02 (±0.01) Churchills falls 10 6705 0.2 (±0.1) Tucurui 18 2450 0.2 (±0.05) Sera de Mesa 10 1100 0.2 (±0.05) Petit-Saut 0.56 310 2 (±1.25) Curuá-Una 0.10 72 3 (±1.6) Balbina 0.97 3147 14 (±7) Concerning CO2 emissions a comparison can be lead with a thermoelectric power plant: Plant CO 2 emission t/y Ratio t/GWh GIBE III HPP 87,592 13.69 Average thermal power plant park 4,478,420 699.75 Combine cycle thermal plant 2,710,682 423.54 Carbon thermal plant 5,762,880 900.45 Concerning CH4 emission a comparison can be lead with other existing lakes: Lake CH4 Flux g/m 2 /d GIBE III HPP 0.22 Gatum Lake (Panama) 0.3 - 2 Kivu Lake (central Africa) 0.9 – 1.4 Petit Saut Reservoir (French Guiana) 1.7 Miranda (Brazil) 0.2 – 0,3 Itaipu (Brazil) 0.01 Reference Kellar, M., and Stallard, R.F., 1994 - Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. D4, p. 8307-8319 Holger W. Jannasch - Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 20, No. 5 (Sep., 1975), pp. 860-864 J. F. Dumestre, J. Guézennec, C. Galy-Lacaux, R. Delmas, S. Richard, and L. Labroue1 - Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 February; 65(2): 534–539 Dos Santos M.A., Pinguelli Rosa L., Sikar B., Sikar E., and dos Santos E.O., 2004 – Energy Policy, 34 (2006), p. 481-488. Dos Santos M.A., Pinguelli Rosa L., Sikar B., Sikar E., and dos Santos E.O., 2004 – Energy Policy, 34 (2006), p. 481-488. Moreover the GIBE III Power density is equal to 9 W/m 2 very close to the limit of 10 W/m 2 , figure which UNESCO considers GHG emission negligeable. Furthermore recent researches show that methane emission from wet cultivation, particularly rice, are higher in continually flooded systems, and they can be reduced significantly through changes in irrigation and fertilizer use: recent experiments suggest that draining a field at specific times during the crop cycle can reduce methane emissions dramatically without decreasing rice yields. The downstream water control, consequent to the GIBE III presence, will allows a different better way to irrigate crops. CESI SpA - Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers Page 195
Gibe III – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 300 ENV R CS 002 C - A9003099 Finally it can be considered that Hydroelectric power plant process allows to avoid the emissions of SO2, NOX, dusts, and wastes usually related to thermal plant. 7.2.1.3 Local Climate Issues Large bodies of water influence the climate of their surroundings, especially the temperature and the humidity. The most notable effects are cooling in summer, warming in winter and reduction of the daily temperature variations. In the case of Gibe III reservoir some effects on temperature and humidity can be expected. Nevertheless lakes exhibit a beneficial effect on the local micro-climate. Evaporation from the surface of the reservoir will replace the present evapotranspiration from the soil of the area to be covered by the reservoir. In certain months evapotranspiration from the soil would exceed the evaporation from the reservoir as a result of heavy rainfall periods when the soil becomes saturated. In addition, vegetation and topographical depressions in the soil create a much greater contact surface with the air, allowing a greater opportunity for water release than that provided by the surface of the reservoir. The presence of the reservoir will expand the floodplain microclimate within the buffer zone. Microclimate changes beyond the buffer zone are not expected to be significant or noticeable except for a certain increase in fog. The estimation of the additional evaporation rate, induced by the presence of the reservoir, has been calculated on the basis of meteorological data in 5 m 3 /s. This value represents 1.1 per cent of the long-period mean annual flow rate and for this reason it is possible to consider the evaporation losses negligible. The construction of a reservoir with a surface area of approximately 190 km 2 can cause microclimatic changes over an average area of some km (1-5 km) from the edge of the reservoir. In some cases minor climatic changes can occur up to a distances 70-80 km away. At the edge of the reservoir daily temperature ranges could fall by 2 to 4°C, relative humidity could increase by 10 to 15 per cent; wind speed could increase; and, there could be reduced soil evapotranspiration. With protection of the buffer zone and a small amount of management, the area of riparian forest would be greater after the reservoir fills than under the present conditions. Due to the fact that the climate variations on the reservoir could not be easily valuable in a short time, no compensation measures shall be considered. 7.2.2 Geothermal activity There are no confirmed occurrences of geothermal activity in dam area. The project does not foresee deep excavations; there are no reasons to think about isolated hot spots in excess of gradient temperature because the fault areas are exposed and now covered by a quite thick amount of natural soil. 7.2.3 Seismology The project area is more than 100 km far from the major Ethiopia seismic centres, located in the rift valley. Due to the far from the generation area of earthquakes that could happen, tectonical events would have small CESI SpA - Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers Page 196
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