Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Gibe III

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Gibe III – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 300 ENV R CS 002 C - A9003099 5.3.7.1 Livestock Population The livestock resources of Weredas are composed of cattle, sheep, goats, equines (donkeys, horses and mules), poultry and beehives. With the exception of few introduced improved poultry breeds as well as improved beehives almost all the livestock are indigenous. The livestock population within the project weredas is shown in Table 5.38. As shown in the table, among the different livestock species of the Weredas, cattle rank first (920,509) followed by poultry (957,258) and sheep and goats (331,963) population. However, the number of pack animals (84,848) and beehives (75,304) are relatively smaller in the Weredas. Types of Animals Table 5.38: Livestock Population of the Affected Weredas Kindo Koyisha and Didaye (Affected Kebeles) Gena Bossa Loma Soro Omo Shelek o Boloso Soro Kacha Birra Misha (Konteb) Yeme Omonad a Cattle 23,533 49,630 21,060 143400 90284 132678 3394 194276 51386 210868 920,509 Sheep and goat 9,120 15,921 9,360 51750 20669 16629 5368 73591 32717 96837 331,962 Pack animals 562 3821 350 10890 3708 2805 2839 30698 3114 26061 84,848 Poultry 15,427 33,821 10,000 235,000 55337 84636 6120 287550 52005 177362 957,258 Beehives 1023 - - - 5202 - 1687 16611 9517 41264 75,304 Though livestock are an integral part and play an important role to the mixed crop livestock production system, the production and productivity of the indigenous livestock is very low. In general, low production and productivity of the indigenous livestock is primarily associated to the low genetic potential, poor nutrition and inadequate health, breeding and marketing services. 5.3.7.2 Livestock Feed Source Majors feed sources are primary the communal natural pastures, aftermath grazing and crop residue. Small individual plots of grazing land around homesteads are use for milking cows and young calves. Cattle are usually grazed in herds of about 100 heads representing the cattle of about 20 households. Generally, in Ethiopia all land belongs to the Government, though using rights of grasslands may be either under governments, communal or private responsibility. However, in the case of future reservoir area grazing land is mostly government owned and although there are also communally owned. However, there is no privately owned grazing land within the future reservoir area. In general terms most of these grazing resources are not in good conditions. There is wide variation in the availability of different feed types in all the weredas around the reservoir area. Natural pastures are available for livestock throughout the year and communal pastures are grazed for most parts of the year without rest. The biomass is abundant during the wet season and a few months thereafter. However, in times of feed shortage during the dry months of the year, animals are taken, except milking cows and young calves, to the lower altitude closer to the Omo River where water and pasture is available and with the risk of Tsetse infestation. In these areas farmers move their cattle only in times of the lowest risk into this area. With the beginning of the rain, when the occurrence of trypanosomiasis increases, farmers take back their livestock from the rivers to their permanent villages. The other source of livestock feed is obtained from crop residue of various food crops including cereals, straws, stalks, hauls from pulse crops and oil crops. Crop residues are stored and fed to animals during the CESI SpA - Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers Page 145 Total
Gibe III – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 300 ENV R CS 002 C - A9003099 dry months of the year when feed shortage occurs. Additional feed source is also obtained from aftermath grazing from crops harvested. 5.3.7.3 Livestock Diseases The prevalence of livestock diseases is a serious concern in the project areas. The major livestock diseases in terms of economic importance are Trypanosomiasis followed by internal parasites, external parasites and infectious diseases. Trypanosomiasis is one of the major diseases in the project area highly affecting both animal and human. According to study report of the National Tsetse Fly Investigation and Control Centre (NTTICC) the entire project area except the mountain ranges are reported to have trypanosomiasis. At present, because of adaptation to higher altitudes, tsetse flies infested areas are gradually advancing to adjacent areas. Tsetse infestation has gradually started to invade even higher altitudes of 2.000 m a.s.l. range. At present, taking the livestock resources into account, the animal health services rendered in the project area are not adequate. In general, veterinary personnel and facilities are far below the livestock population that requires the health services and requires more attention in terms of providing better services. The only institution undertaking livestock health service in these areas is the Wereda Office of Agriculture. 5.3.7.4 Livestock Marketing Livestock and livestock products are marketed in small sized open markets where buyers and sellers bargain on specific items. Animals are usually taken to the market when farmers have surplus to their requirement or when they are in need of cash for home expenditure, such as purchase of agricultural inputs, consumer goods as well as payment to taxes. In addition, farmers also sell livestock either when prices are attractive or during severe drought and animal disease outbreaks in order to avert and minimize their risk. 5.3.8 Cultural, Religious, Historical and Archaeological Sites The importance of the Gibe III reservoir area and the immediate surrounding has been investigated in terms of religious and cultural site relics and archaeological importance. Based on this assessment the historical site known as King Ijajo Kella and King Halala Walls were found on both sides of the Omo River. Officials of the Weredas were interviewed in regards to the historical, cultural and archaeological importance of the reservoir area vis-a-vis the execution of the Gibe III Hydroelectric Project. A joint rapid archaeological impact assessment was initiated with the Authority for the Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) to the elongated stone ramparts in Wolayita and Dawro zones, along the Omo River. The Team conducted a preliminary archaeological survey and a rapid impact assessment along the Omo River, in Wolayita and Dawro Zones. The main objective of this survey was to assess the values of the stone fortifications, which are found in Wolayita and Dawro zones, and evaluate the impact of the Gilgel Gibe III hydroelectric dam construction on these cultural remains. Archaeological impact assessment is primarily concerned with the location and evaluation of archaeological resources. In this section endeavours made to describe the archaeological survey results, which are carried out in Wolayita and Dawro Zones along the Omro River. CESI SpA - Mid-Day International Consulting Engineers Page 146
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