Fukunaga 2006 FL literacy development using Anime ... - Oncourse
Fukunaga 2006 FL literacy development using Anime ... - Oncourse
Fukunaga 2006 FL literacy development using Anime ... - Oncourse
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“Those anime students”: Foreign language <strong>literacy</strong> <strong>development</strong> through Japanese popular culture<br />
course: “Oh, Pokemon. It contains too much<br />
fighting and violence for me.” I responded,<br />
“Really? I thought that show was more about the<br />
importance of friendship and fairness. Have you<br />
watched the show?” She said, “No. I never watch<br />
that kind of stuff.” I am not a big Pokemon fan,<br />
but I sensed a strong bias from this particular<br />
teacher against something about which she knew<br />
little. Sometimes some forms of popular culture,<br />
such as Pokemon cards, are banned in classroom<br />
settings and students might feel that teachers<br />
therefore reject their identities. Teachers can encourage<br />
students to share their insider knowledge<br />
of a particular form of popular culture and spend<br />
some time learning from students.<br />
Foreign language teachers need to encourage<br />
students to share their interests in the target<br />
language such as anime, music, and websites. The<br />
two girls in Chandler-Olcott and Mahar’s study<br />
(2003a, 2003b) are like these J<strong>FL</strong> students—they<br />
are aware of agency in their out-of-classroom <strong>literacy</strong><br />
practices. Listening to students’ voices is<br />
one way to help students be active learners without<br />
taking the joy away from them. Being aware<br />
of students’ multiple identities will help teachers<br />
to rethink their fixed ideas on particular students.<br />
I believe that a J<strong>FL</strong> teacher’s job is to introduce<br />
multiple aspects of Japan. For serious anime<br />
fans like Ted, there is a tendency to believe that<br />
anime is the best thing that Japan offers. I know<br />
four J<strong>FL</strong> students who were big anime fans, but<br />
who did not talk about anime at all after coming<br />
back from one-year exchange programs. <strong>Anime</strong><br />
students’ joy in learning is noteworthy. However,<br />
there is a hidden danger in having limited knowledge<br />
of Japan from anime alone. Teachers can<br />
give every student opportunities to widen his or<br />
her perspectives, so that students can explore and<br />
expand their knowledge of Japan.<br />
The potential of popular culture’s power is<br />
not limited to anime. For instance, the current<br />
trend of Hanryu (“Korean style”) in Japan was<br />
sparked by the broadcast of a South Korean TV<br />
drama. Many Japanese people began studying<br />
Korean and visiting South Korea, motivated by this<br />
particular drama. This is something governmentlevel<br />
relations could never have foreseen or created.<br />
It is not possible to predict the effect popular<br />
culture may have on a general audience. These<br />
trends might change the current notion of globalization<br />
as “Americanization,” such as having<br />
McDonald’s restaurants everywhere or placing<br />
too much emphasis on learning English in non-<br />
English speaking countries. Popular culture enables<br />
“other” cultural globalization. Young adults<br />
in the United States learning Japanese motivated<br />
by anime and its subcultures and Japanese audiences<br />
of a South Korean TV drama studying<br />
Korean indicate the beginning of an alternative<br />
version of globalization and multiculturalism.<br />
When people have a strong interest in popular<br />
culture originating in other cultures, they have<br />
the potential to develop a critical stance, foreign<br />
language skills, and cultural knowledge. This potential<br />
is a special feature of “other” popular culture,<br />
in addition to what popular culture in one’s<br />
own society can offer.<br />
These are some suggestions for both teachers<br />
and students to shape-shift, to have current<br />
knowledge of a different society through its popular<br />
culture. I am not suggesting that all teachers<br />
need to be experts in foreign popular culture. Nor<br />
am I suggesting that every anime fan should<br />
study Japanese as a foreign language, or that every<br />
anime student would be a successful J<strong>FL</strong> learner.<br />
Rather, I am exploring the potential influence<br />
that popular culture, especially popular culture<br />
from “other” societies, can have on developing<br />
multiple literacies. It is important to be aware<br />
that students’ communities of practice can provide<br />
a different kind of learning. By listening,<br />
watching students carefully, and asking questions,<br />
teachers might be able to bridge the generation<br />
gap between themselves and their young students.<br />
Teachers of adolescents and young adults<br />
need to be aware of students’ out-of-class activities<br />
in order to avoid preparing students for the<br />
future with yesterday’s skills (Lankshear &<br />
Knobel, 2003).<br />
JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT & ADULT LITERACY 50:3 NOVEMBER <strong>2006</strong> 221