Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ...
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ... Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ...
UAS ROADMAP 2005 5.3 OPERATIONS 5.3.1 Current Status of Operations As of mid-FY04, the U.S. military had some 150 UA (33 systems) deployed in operational units, along with an equivalent number of small, hand-launched UA in small tactical and special operations units. The peak of OIF (April 2003) saw 70 UA (14 systems) of five types (Global Hawk, Hunter, Pioneer, Predator, and Shadow) deployed forward in support of the GWOT. A similar number of small UA of six types (Dragon Eye, FPASS, Silver Fox, Pointer, Tern, and Raven) were also deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan at that time. Today's UA inventory (see Table 5.3-1) is based from coast to coast (see Figure 5.3-1) and, with few exceptions, conducts proficiency flights in restricted airspace. In 2003, the Air Force received a "national certificate of authorization (COA)" allowing Global Hawk to fly in unrestricted airspace; however, flights require five days notice to the FAA. TABLE 5.3-1. CURRENT UAS INVENTORY. System Unit Base No. of Systems Global Hawk 12 Recon Sqdn Beale AFB, CA 1 (51 aircraft planned) Hunter 1 MI BN Hoenfels, Germany 1 (6 aircraft) 15 MI BN Ft. Hood, TX 1 (6 aircraft) 224 MI BN Savannah, GA 1 (6 aircraft) Pioneer VMU-1 Twenty Nine Palms MCAS, CA 1 (5 aircraft) VMU-2 Cherry Point MCAS, NC 1 (5 aircraft) Fleet Composite Paxtuxent River, MD 1(3 aircraft) Squadron Six Predator 11 Recce Sq Indian Springs AAF, NV 5 (20 aircraft) 15 Recce Sd " 5 (20 aircraft) 17 Recce Sq " 2 (12 aircraft) Shadow 3 Bde, 2 ID Ft. Lewis, WA 1 (4 aircraft) 1 Bde, 25 ID " 1 (4 aircraft) 1 Bde, 1st Cav Ft. Hood, TX 1 (4 aircraft) 2 Bde, 1st Cav " 1 (4 aircraft) 3 Bde, 1st Cav " 1 (4 aircraft) 1 Bde, 82 Abn Ft. Bragg, NC 1 (4 aircraft) 2 Bde, 82 Abn " 1 (4 aircraft) 2 Bde, 1 ID Germany 1 (4 aircraft) 3 Bde, 1 ID " 1 (4 aircraft) 1 Bde, 2 ID Korea 1 (4 aircraft) 2 Bde, 2 ID " 1 (4 aircraft) 1 Bde, 4 ID Ft. Hood, TX 1 (4 aircraft) 2 Bde, 4 ID " 1 (4 aircraft) 29 ID (PA NG) Indian Town Gap, PA 1 (4 aircraft) 56 Bde (MD NG) Baltimore, MD 1 (4 aircraft) 172 SIB Ft. Wainwright, AK 1 (4 aircraft) 1 – 4 UA 3 ID Ft. Stewart, GA 4 (16 aircraft) Note: Small UAVs are not included as the number of units having hand launched systems are too numerous to mention. SECTION 5 - OPERATIONS Page 67
UAS ROADMAP 2005 USA Shadow USAF Global Hawk USN Predator USAF Predator USMC Pioneer USA Hunter USA Shadow 5.3.2 Operations Issues USA Hunter USA Shadow USN Pioneer USA Shadow USAF Exdrone FIGURE 5.3-1. LOCATIONS OF U.S.-BASED DOD UAS. USA Shadow USN (various) USMC Pioneer USA Hunter/Shadow USA Shadow/Hunter USA Exdrone UAS operations in the GWOT have revealed the following issues: 1. The low density/high demand nature of the limited UAS force and the operational demands placed on it created a conflict in priorities between employing UAS in its two key roles, sensing and shooting. In both Afghanistan and Iraq, Predators were tasked to find targets, designate them for manned strike, and strike them themselves. Both the limited number of weapons carried and the coordination time required to obtain permission to employ them subtracted from UA availability to pursue mobile targets, a key concern of intelligence staffs. 2. Weather, in particular high winds, posed a major constraint on UA operations due to their lighter weights and high-aspect ratio wings compared to those of manned aircraft. Winds up to 70 knots in the SWA theater significantly reduced the availability of most UA, and the accompanying dust storms impacted their ability to use EO sensors effectively; however, Global Hawk, carrying an EO/IR/SAR combined sensor, was still able to perform effectively during dust storms. 3. Despite having the capability to operate multiple UA per system simultaneously, the limited number of frequencies available often restricted the number to one UA airborne at a time. 4. Integration of unmanned aviation into the national airspace system is needed to enable file and fly operations by UA to improve their responsiveness and fidelity of training. 5. The dynamic nature of the joint operational environment for which UAS are employed in Afghanistan and Iraq indicate a need for centralized command and control to ensure functional integration (intel, ops and communications) that prioritizes UA sensing operations support. 6. A comprehensive and integrated dissemination architecture is needed to optimize bandwidth usage and maximize requirement satisfaction. 7. A net-centric approach to UAS integration / interoperability is needed to provide situational awareness at all command echelons. Consistent with the DoD’s Net-Centric Data Strategy, there should be additional capability for archiving and discovery of full motion video collected by UAS. UA positional and sensor pointing information enable enhanced airspace and sensor management. 8. Frequency interference (loss of UA link) was more often from friendly than hostile sources. 9. Urban combat is hostile to high bandwidth wireless data communications and can result in loss of connectivity even at short distances. This effect is compounded by short LOS distances, making visual reconnaissance difficult. Urban combat terrain is also rapidly changing, and pre-conflict SECTION 5 - OPERATIONS Page 68
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UAS ROADMAP <strong>2005</strong><br />
5.3 OPERATIONS<br />
5.3.1 Current Status <strong>of</strong> Operations<br />
As <strong>of</strong> mid-FY04, the U.S. military had some 150 UA (33 systems) deployed in operational units, along<br />
with an equivalent number <strong>of</strong> small, hand-launched UA in small tactical and special operations units. The<br />
peak <strong>of</strong> OIF (April 2003) saw 70 UA (14 systems) <strong>of</strong> five types (Global Hawk, Hunter, Pioneer, Predator,<br />
and Shadow) deployed forward in support <strong>of</strong> the GWOT. A similar number <strong>of</strong> small UA <strong>of</strong> six types<br />
(Dragon Eye, FPASS, Silver Fox, Pointer, Tern, and Raven) were also deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan<br />
at that time. Today's UA inventory (see Table 5.3-1) is based from coast to coast (see Figure 5.3-1) and,<br />
with few exceptions, conducts pr<strong>of</strong>iciency flights in restricted airspace. In 2003, the Air Force received a<br />
"national certificate <strong>of</strong> authorization (COA)" allowing Global Hawk to fly in unrestricted airspace;<br />
however, flights require five days notice to the FAA.<br />
TABLE 5.3-1. CURRENT UAS INVENTORY.<br />
System Unit Base No. <strong>of</strong> <strong>Systems</strong><br />
Global Hawk 12 Recon Sqdn Beale AFB, CA 1 (51 aircraft planned)<br />
Hunter 1 MI BN Hoenfels, Germany 1 (6 aircraft)<br />
15 MI BN Ft. Hood, TX 1 (6 aircraft)<br />
224 MI BN Savannah, GA 1 (6 aircraft)<br />
Pioneer VMU-1 Twenty Nine Palms MCAS, CA 1 (5 aircraft)<br />
VMU-2 Cherry Point MCAS, NC 1 (5 aircraft)<br />
Fleet Composite Paxtuxent River, MD 1(3 aircraft)<br />
Squadron Six<br />
Predator 11 Recce Sq Indian Springs AAF, NV 5 (20 aircraft)<br />
15 Recce Sd " 5 (20 aircraft)<br />
17 Recce Sq " 2 (12 aircraft)<br />
Shadow 3 Bde, 2 ID Ft. Lewis, WA 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
1 Bde, 25 ID " 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
1 Bde, 1st Cav Ft. Hood, TX 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
2 Bde, 1st Cav " 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
3 Bde, 1st Cav " 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
1 Bde, 82 Abn Ft. Bragg, NC 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
2 Bde, 82 Abn " 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
2 Bde, 1 ID Germany 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
3 Bde, 1 ID " 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
1 Bde, 2 ID Korea 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
2 Bde, 2 ID " 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
1 Bde, 4 ID Ft. Hood, TX 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
2 Bde, 4 ID " 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
29 ID (PA NG) Indian Town Gap, PA 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
56 Bde (MD NG) Baltimore, MD 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
172 SIB Ft. Wainwright, AK 1 (4 aircraft)<br />
1 – 4 UA 3 ID Ft. Stewart, GA 4 (16 aircraft)<br />
Note: Small UAVs are not included as the number <strong>of</strong> units having hand launched systems are too<br />
numerous to mention.<br />
SECTION 5 - OPERATIONS<br />
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