Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ...
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ... Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ...
UAS ROADMAP 2005 the effect of small Reynolds Numbers on lateral stability. More work needs to be accomplished to expand this work to high aspect ratio wings. � Apertures. The demand for increasingly sophisticated sensor and communications systems on airborne platforms continues to grow in the face of stringent space, weight and power (SWaP) constraints. This tension results in the desire to reduce the number of sensors and required antenna systems by combining functions and sharing components. Reducing costs and SWaP demands on platforms is key to controlling the size and costs of the sensors themselves. The importance of setting rigorous requirements to specify apertures is a factor in sizing the collection platform itself. A robust systems engineering regimen is required that recognizes the “function” required of the UA, and builds a “system,” rather than building a UA then trying to “shoe-horn” in a capability (e.g., if you want an ISR UA, start the design process as an ISR system, not a UA system). Consolidating capabilities on a single platform is envisioned in the multi-sensor command and control constellation (MC2C) program. The MC2C concept is, in effect, another means of aperture management. However, the constellation will include associated high- and low-altitude unmanned aircraft where collection systems can be integrated providing far more capability than any single platform. This also affords the opportunity to “net” multiple apertures from widely separated platforms into a single system bringing the attributes of ground-based multi-static systems into the airborne environment. � Lightweight structures. Military aspirations for extended range and endurance face the technical challenge of reducing gross weight. Advancing technology in materials as well as increasing the affordability of composite structures is being addressed in Service laboratories. In addition to the airframe, weight issues at the component level such as heat exchangers, sensors and antennas are research priorities. Weight can also be reduced by using aircraft structure and skin components to perform multiple functions such as fault detection and as an adjunct to RF capabilities. In the future, manufacturers will have new tools to integrate in their design processes to achieve the best possible performance. Some of the tools that show promise for lightweight structures are thermoset and thermoplastic resin matrix materials in advanced composites as well as fiber reinforced plastics structures. Aircraft Onboard Intelligence � Onboard intelligence. The more intelligence ‘packed” into the UA, the more complicated the task it can be assigned, and the less oversight required by human operators. The industry must continue efforts to increase intelligence of these aircraft, which means the Services must not only look at their intelligent systems investment portfolios, but also assess the best way to package the improvements. � Teaming/swarming. Getting groups of UA to team (and small UA to swarm) in order to accomplish an objective will require significant investments in control technologies (distributed control technologies for swarming). Technology thrusts are to not require huge computational overhead or large communications bandwidth. Technology areas, such as bio-inspired control, offer paths to do such distributed control, but are now just coming out of the 6.1 world into 6.2. More work needs to be completed toward maturing these technologies via demos in the near term to show utility to the warfighter. This would take the aircraft from an ACL of 2 to 6. � Health Management (ACL 2). Small UA are looked at as expendable; however, must still be able to fulfill a mission. Health management technologies need to be integrated to ensure that they are ready to go for the next mission, as well as to let the operator know that they will not be able to complete the current mission so that other assets can be tasked. These technologies are available; but just need to be modified to operate in the small UA system environment. � Collision Avoidance. Collision avoidance will be required for any UA that plans to regularly use a nation’s controlled airspace. Collision avoidance technology is currently in development for large UA (such as AFRL’s Auto-aircraft Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)). However, these technologies or their current alternatives in the civil market (TCAS) are not well suited for direct application to small UA. Research is required into concepts of operation, sensors, and algorithms to APPENDIX D – TECHNOLOGIES Page D-7
UAS ROADMAP 2005 ensure safe small UA operation in support of civil operations or in support of a combined arms task force. � Affordability. Affordability cannot be ignored. Just as technology might determine whether a system is practical, affordability determines whether a system is purchased. Lower costs for UA can determine the operational employment concepts. For example, if the cost to replace a UA is low enough, an item can become “attritable,” and even “expendable.” Small UA can benefit significantly from appropriate application of the technology as it relates to production costs. � Sensing. Sensing covers a significant set of issues from ISR to auto-target recognition to “see and avoid (S&A).” Improvements in miniaturization will push capability into smaller and smaller packages as time progresses. Already the capability available in a MQ-1Predator of ten years ago is available in the Shadow 200. This will continue with the potential for greater capabilities to migrate into the mini-UA and MAV. Such a transition must continue to be supported in order to improve product quality to the lowest levels. Affordability of this migration will also be important and tied to capabilities available in the commercial sector. Ground Station Command, Control, and Communications (C3) As the capabilities of the UA continue to improve; the capability of the command and control (C2) infrastructure needs to keep pace. There are several key aspects of the off-board C2 infrastructure that are being addressed: a) man-machine interfaces, b) multi-aircraft C3, and c) target identification, weapons allocation and weapons release. The location of the C3 system can be on the ground, aboard ship, or airborne. The functions to be accomplished are independent of the location. UA hold the promise of reduced operating and support (O&S) costs compared to manned aircraft. There are only small savings by simply moving the man from the cockpit of a large aircraft to the off board C3 station. Currently, UA crews can consist of as many functions as sensor system operator, weapons release authority, communications officer, and a mission commander. All can be separate individuals. Applications to reduce these functional manpower positions into fewer positions are in its infancy. Improvements in aircraft autonomy to allow for fewer positions, or more aircraft controlled by the same positions are also in its infancy. One of the difficult issues being addressed is how the operator interacts with the aircraft: what information is presented to him during normal operations and what additional information is presented if an emergency occurs. Advanced interfaces are being explored in the DARPA UCAV programs. To date, the C3 stations being developed are aimed more at the test environment than the operational environment. The advanced interfaces take advantage of force feedback and aural cues to provide additional situational awareness to the system operators. Improvements should focus in the following areas: � Evolving functions of the UA. The UA must improve to higher levels of autonomy and the human to higher levels of management. This would migrate operational responsibility for tasks from the ground station to the aircraft, the aircraft gaining greater autonomy and authority, the humans moving from operators to supervisors, increasing their span of control while decreasing the manpower requirements to operate the UA. � Downsizing ground equipment. The control elements and functions of the early 1990s ground station equipment can now be accommodated into laptops. This trend will continue with miniaturization of processing and memory storage devices. Consolidation of capabilities into smaller packages reduces production costs, logistics footprint and sustainment support costs. � Assured communication. The joint tactical radio system is expanding to encompass not only voice communications, but data links also. UA programs must assess their transition to the JTRS standard as technology becomes available through JTRS Cluster improvements. Since UA will become netcentric devices, UA programs must assess their vulnerabilities to network attack and provide appropriate levels of protection. � Displays. As the human interfaces with the UA at higher levels, the human must trust the UA to do more. To develop and keep that trust, the human must be able to determine the intent of the UA. APPENDIX D – TECHNOLOGIES Page D-8
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UAS ROADMAP <strong>2005</strong><br />
the effect <strong>of</strong> small Reynolds Numbers on lateral stability. More work needs to be accomplished to<br />
expand this work to high aspect ratio wings.<br />
� Apertures. The demand for increasingly sophisticated sensor and communications systems on<br />
airborne platforms continues to grow in the face <strong>of</strong> stringent space, weight and power (SWaP)<br />
constraints. This tension results in the desire to reduce the number <strong>of</strong> sensors and required antenna<br />
systems by combining functions and sharing components. Reducing costs and SWaP demands on<br />
platforms is key to controlling the size and costs <strong>of</strong> the sensors themselves. The importance <strong>of</strong> setting<br />
rigorous requirements to specify apertures is a factor in sizing the collection platform itself. A robust<br />
systems engineering regimen is required that recognizes the “function” required <strong>of</strong> the UA, and builds<br />
a “system,” rather than building a UA then trying to “shoe-horn” in a capability (e.g., if you want an<br />
ISR UA, start the design process as an ISR system, not a UA system). Consolidating capabilities on a<br />
single platform is envisioned in the multi-sensor command and control constellation (MC2C)<br />
program. The MC2C concept is, in effect, another means <strong>of</strong> aperture management. However, the<br />
constellation will include associated high- and low-altitude unmanned aircraft where collection<br />
systems can be integrated providing far more capability than any single platform. This also affords<br />
the opportunity to “net” multiple apertures from widely separated platforms into a single system<br />
bringing the attributes <strong>of</strong> ground-based multi-static systems into the airborne environment.<br />
� Lightweight structures. Military aspirations for extended range and endurance face the technical<br />
challenge <strong>of</strong> reducing gross weight. Advancing technology in materials as well as increasing the<br />
affordability <strong>of</strong> composite structures is being addressed in Service laboratories. In addition to the<br />
airframe, weight issues at the component level such as heat exchangers, sensors and antennas are<br />
research priorities. Weight can also be reduced by using aircraft structure and skin components to<br />
perform multiple functions such as fault detection and as an adjunct to RF capabilities. In the future,<br />
manufacturers will have new tools to integrate in their design processes to achieve the best possible<br />
performance. Some <strong>of</strong> the tools that show promise for lightweight structures are thermoset and<br />
thermoplastic resin matrix materials in advanced composites as well as fiber reinforced plastics<br />
structures.<br />
<strong>Aircraft</strong> Onboard Intelligence<br />
� Onboard intelligence. The more intelligence ‘packed” into the UA, the more complicated the task it<br />
can be assigned, and the less oversight required by human operators. The industry must continue<br />
efforts to increase intelligence <strong>of</strong> these aircraft, which means the Services must not only look at their<br />
intelligent systems investment portfolios, but also assess the best way to package the improvements.<br />
� Teaming/swarming. Getting groups <strong>of</strong> UA to team (and small UA to swarm) in order to accomplish<br />
an objective will require significant investments in control technologies (distributed control<br />
technologies for swarming). Technology thrusts are to not require huge computational overhead or<br />
large communications bandwidth. Technology areas, such as bio-inspired control, <strong>of</strong>fer paths to do<br />
such distributed control, but are now just coming out <strong>of</strong> the 6.1 world into 6.2. More work needs to<br />
be completed toward maturing these technologies via demos in the near term to show utility to the<br />
warfighter. This would take the aircraft from an ACL <strong>of</strong> 2 to 6.<br />
� Health Management (ACL 2). Small UA are looked at as expendable; however, must still be able to<br />
fulfill a mission. Health management technologies need to be integrated to ensure that they are ready<br />
to go for the next mission, as well as to let the operator know that they will not be able to complete<br />
the current mission so that other assets can be tasked. These technologies are available; but just need<br />
to be modified to operate in the small UA system environment.<br />
� Collision Avoidance. Collision avoidance will be required for any UA that plans to regularly use a<br />
nation’s controlled airspace. Collision avoidance technology is currently in development for large<br />
UA (such as AFRL’s Auto-aircraft Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)). However, these<br />
technologies or their current alternatives in the civil market (TCAS) are not well suited for direct<br />
application to small UA. Research is required into concepts <strong>of</strong> operation, sensors, and algorithms to<br />
APPENDIX D – TECHNOLOGIES<br />
Page D-7