Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ...
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ... Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 - Federation of ...
UAS ROADMAP 2005 technology program the best that can be hoped for are mediocre solutions that meet some of our requirements, but fall significantly short in providing the true solution needed. Propulsion – Electric and Alternative Technologies Many of the smaller UA (mini- and micro-UA) use battery power instead of two-cycle engines. Low noise signature makes these electric drives attractive in many situations, despite the low efficiency and low power-to-weight ratios compared to reciprocating engines. Recent improvements in the ability to recharge lithium based batteries have resulted in significant logistics improvements for users in the field. Further improvements are needed in power-to-weight ratios for the next generation of batteries to improve the performance and endurance of these small platforms on a single charge. Currently, most batteryoperated MAV have a fraction of an hour of endurance, while mini-UA fair only slightly better, only because they can carry larger numbers of the same lithium-based batteries. Future-looking efforts for UA propulsion include the use of fuel cell- or nuclear-based power schemes. NASA has pushed fuel cell development for use in UA and by the Army's Natick Laboratory for soldier systems (i.e., small scale uses), and specific energy performance is approaching that of gasoline engines. The gaseous hydrogen fuel cells being used on NASA's Helios UA in 2003 have over 80 percent of the specific energy of a two-cycle gasoline engine (500 vice 600 Watt hours/kilogram) and 250 percent that of the best batteries (220 W hr/kg); further improvement is anticipated when liquid hydrogen fuel cells are introduced. Still in development by NASA are regenerative power systems combining solar and fuel cells in a day/night cycle to possibly permit flight durations of weeks or longer. Additionally, several commercial aviation initiatives are exploring fuel cells for both primary propulsion and auxiliary power units (APUs), see Figure D-4. In the nuclear arena, the Air Force Research Laboratory has studied the feasibility of using a quantum nucleonic reactor (i.e., non-fission) to power long endurance UA. However this remains a concept study, no prototypes or flight worthy hardware are currently planned. FIGURE D-3. ENGINE EFFECTS ON TAKE-OFF GROSS WEIGHT FOR A DESIRED MISSION ENDURANCE. APPENDIX D – TECHNOLOGIES Page D-5
UAS ROADMAP 2005 Gasoline Engines Fuel Density * Fuel Volume + Engine Wgt/HP *HPreq + Accessories Wgt Total Wgt Specific Energy = HP*hr/Total Wgt Battery Propulsion Electrolyte Wgt + Cathode & Anode Wgt + Case Wgt + Power Conditioning & Wiring Wgt + Motor Wgt Total Wgt Specific Energy = W*hr/Total Wgt APPENDIX D – TECHNOLOGIES Page D-6 Fuel Cell Propulsion Fuel Density * Fuel Volume + Fuel Cell Wgt + Reformer System Wgt + Power Conditioning & Wiring Wgt + Motor Wgt Total Wgt Specific Energy = W*hr/Total Wgt FIGURE D-4. SPECIFIC ENERGY CALCULATION. Propulsion - Hovering The ability to take-off and land vertically can provide added operational benefits, such as being able to operate from a forward arming and refueling point with manned assets or from other unimproved areas. DARPA currently has several joint programs with the Army developing vertical take-off and landing UA. These include the small OAV and MAV ACTD, which are pursuing ducted fan aircraft with the ability to hover and fly in forward flight efficiently, as well as the much larger A160 advanced unmanned helicopter program. Other aircraft, such as the RQ-8 Fire Scout are also being developed for a VTOL capable UA. A goal of the small UA DARPA programs is to field aircraft with the ability to "Perch and Stare.” Conceptually, this would enable the UA to land in a place that it can observe the scene where enemy activity is of interest. The purpose of this capability would be for the small UA to observe movement (change detection) and notify the human user by sending a picture of the object that has moved (changed). This reduces the fuel required to operate and increases the time on station significantly and eliminates the users need to "watch" the video screen. This concept does not need to send pictures unless requested or movement is detected, which would further reduce power consumption and increase endurance. Aircraft Structures Mission, environment and intended aircraft performance attributes are key drivers for UA structures in the same sense as for manned aircraft. At one end of the “UA spectrum” aircraft such as the Finder and Dragon Eye diminish the need for durable structures. This is contrasted with Global Hawk class UA where individual airframes are planned to be in the Service force structure for periods comparable to traditional manned systems. Similarly, environmental requirements drive interest in aircraft structures in three basic directions. UA primarily intended for tactical use in the close vicinity of ground forces dedicated to force-protection missions will have modest requirements for systems redundancy. For UA intending to be certified to fly in civil airspace, the recognition of redundancy requirements is a factor for the development of systems and integration for the entire aircraft. This tends to drive up the scale of the aircraft and the structures needed to host capabilities and multiple systems needed to support larger scale performance for endurance, altitude and extended reliability. The need for a capability to operate and survive in highthreat areas adds the need for signature control, which becomes a consideration for structures planning. � Wing. Keeping targets of intelligence interest under constant and persistence surveillance is increasingly valued by operational commanders. This, in turn, drives interest in wing designs that can bring the greatest possible measure of endurance to collection platforms. Technologies being investigated to increase wing performance include airfoil-shape change for multipoint optimization, and active aero elastic wing deformation control for aerodynamic efficiency and to manage structural loads. Research needs to be expanded in the area of Small Reynolds Number to improve the stability of small UA. This is especially true for the mini- and micro-UA classes using high aspect ratio wings. These platforms suffer lateral stability problems in even lightly turbulent air, which induces sensor exploitation problems and exacerbates the task of the aircraft/sensor operator. Research and development work with membrane wing structures appears to offer a passive mechanism to reduce
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UAS ROADMAP <strong>2005</strong><br />
Gasoline Engines<br />
Fuel Density * Fuel Volume<br />
+ Engine Wgt/HP *HPreq<br />
+ Accessories Wgt<br />
Total Wgt<br />
Specific Energy = HP*hr/Total Wgt<br />
Battery Propulsion<br />
Electrolyte Wgt<br />
+ Cathode & Anode Wgt<br />
+ Case Wgt<br />
+ Power Conditioning & Wiring Wgt<br />
+ Motor Wgt<br />
Total Wgt<br />
Specific Energy = W*hr/Total Wgt<br />
APPENDIX D – TECHNOLOGIES<br />
Page D-6<br />
Fuel Cell Propulsion<br />
Fuel Density * Fuel Volume<br />
+ Fuel Cell Wgt<br />
+ Reformer System Wgt<br />
+ Power Conditioning & Wiring Wgt<br />
+ Motor Wgt<br />
Total Wgt<br />
Specific Energy = W*hr/Total Wgt<br />
FIGURE D-4. SPECIFIC ENERGY CALCULATION.<br />
Propulsion - Hovering<br />
The ability to take-<strong>of</strong>f and land vertically can provide added operational benefits, such as being able to<br />
operate from a forward arming and refueling point with manned assets or from other unimproved areas.<br />
DARPA currently has several joint programs with the Army developing vertical take-<strong>of</strong>f and landing UA.<br />
These include the small OAV and MAV ACTD, which are pursuing ducted fan aircraft with the ability to<br />
hover and fly in forward flight efficiently, as well as the much larger A160 advanced unmanned<br />
helicopter program. Other aircraft, such as the RQ-8 Fire Scout are also being developed for a VTOL<br />
capable UA. A goal <strong>of</strong> the small UA DARPA programs is to field aircraft with the ability to "Perch and<br />
Stare.” Conceptually, this would enable the UA to land in a place that it can observe the scene where<br />
enemy activity is <strong>of</strong> interest. The purpose <strong>of</strong> this capability would be for the small UA to observe<br />
movement (change detection) and notify the human user by sending a picture <strong>of</strong> the object that has moved<br />
(changed). This reduces the fuel required to operate and increases the time on station significantly and<br />
eliminates the users need to "watch" the video screen. This concept does not need to send pictures unless<br />
requested or movement is detected, which would further reduce power consumption and increase<br />
endurance.<br />
<strong>Aircraft</strong> Structures<br />
Mission, environment and intended aircraft performance attributes are key drivers for UA structures in the<br />
same sense as for manned aircraft. At one end <strong>of</strong> the “UA spectrum” aircraft such as the Finder and<br />
Dragon Eye diminish the need for durable structures. This is contrasted with Global Hawk class UA<br />
where individual airframes are planned to be in the Service force structure for periods comparable to<br />
traditional manned systems.<br />
Similarly, environmental requirements drive interest in aircraft structures in three basic directions. UA<br />
primarily intended for tactical use in the close vicinity <strong>of</strong> ground forces dedicated to force-protection<br />
missions will have modest requirements for systems redundancy. For UA intending to be certified to fly<br />
in civil airspace, the recognition <strong>of</strong> redundancy requirements is a factor for the development <strong>of</strong> systems<br />
and integration for the entire aircraft. This tends to drive up the scale <strong>of</strong> the aircraft and the structures<br />
needed to host capabilities and multiple systems needed to support larger scale performance for<br />
endurance, altitude and extended reliability. The need for a capability to operate and survive in highthreat<br />
areas adds the need for signature control, which becomes a consideration for structures planning.<br />
� Wing. Keeping targets <strong>of</strong> intelligence interest under constant and persistence surveillance is<br />
increasingly valued by operational commanders. This, in turn, drives interest in wing designs that can<br />
bring the greatest possible measure <strong>of</strong> endurance to collection platforms. Technologies being<br />
investigated to increase wing performance include airfoil-shape change for multipoint optimization,<br />
and active aero elastic wing deformation control for aerodynamic efficiency and to manage structural<br />
loads. Research needs to be expanded in the area <strong>of</strong> Small Reynolds Number to improve the stability<br />
<strong>of</strong> small UA. This is especially true for the mini- and micro-UA classes using high aspect ratio<br />
wings. These platforms suffer lateral stability problems in even lightly turbulent air, which induces<br />
sensor exploitation problems and exacerbates the task <strong>of</strong> the aircraft/sensor operator. Research and<br />
development work with membrane wing structures appears to <strong>of</strong>fer a passive mechanism to reduce