K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
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FSBI – 2004<br />
Food Science and Biotechnology in Developing Countries<br />
Degumming and Neutralization of the Amaranth Oil (A. hypochondriacus).<br />
Ariza-Ortega J.A. (1) , López-Valdez F. (2) , Montalvo-Paquini C. (3) , Arellano-Huacuja A. (4) , and Luna-<br />
Suárez S. (5) .<br />
(1) CICATA-IPN Puebla. Acatlán 63, La Paz. Puebla, Pue. México 72160.<br />
E-mail: ariza_ortega@yahoo.com.<strong>mx</strong><br />
(2) CICATA-IPN Puebla. Acatlán 63, La Paz. Puebla, Pue. México 72160.<br />
E-mail: flopez2072@yahoo.com<br />
(3) CICATA-IPN Puebla. Acatlán 63, La Paz. Puebla, Pue. México 72160.<br />
E-mail: cpaquini@yahoo.com<br />
(4) CICATA-IPN Puebla. Acatlán 63, La Paz. Puebla, Pue. México 72160.<br />
E-mail: amy@puebla.megared.net.<strong>mx</strong><br />
(5) CICATA-IPN Puebla. Acatlán 63, La Paz. Puebla, Pue. México 72160.<br />
E-mail: silvials2004@yahoo.com.<strong>mx</strong><br />
Tel.: 52 (222) 230 - 4459. Tel/Fax: 249 - 8540.<br />
Abstract<br />
Two methods were made to degumming: the (A) H2SO4 (0.5 %) and (B) method by hydration. Oil<br />
degummed was neutralized by three methods: (C) 4 eq L -1 NaOH, (D) 10 eq L -1 NaOH and (E) 7 eq L -1<br />
Na2CO3 + 10 eq L -1 NaOH. The initial acid value (AV) of the crude oil was 35.02 % of oleic acid. The<br />
best method to degumming was the (B) with 24.17 % AV and 3.82 % of remainders, the yield was 97<br />
% of oil and the best method to neutralization was (E), the AV decreased to 0.43 %.<br />
Key words: Oil, degumming, neutralization and acid value.<br />
Introduction<br />
The amaranth belongs to the family Amaranthaceae of the genus Amaranthus, there are sixty genus<br />
and around eight hundred species (1). The amaranth contains nutritious of good quality that benefits<br />
the health for its protein, fiber, tocopherols, oil and squalene (2 y 3). The consumers in general ignore<br />
these functional and therapeutic properties. The annual production of amaranth in Mexico is very<br />
important, about 4 227 tons per year (4).<br />
The amaranth oil is an unused by-product. The oil is discharged to the environment because<br />
contained undesired compounds. To obtain ideal characteristics it must be treated by refining methods<br />
(5 y 6). Andersen (1965) proposed the follow methods for refining: sedimentation, centrifugation,<br />
filtration, degumming, neutralization, bleaching and deodorization. The degumming is used to<br />
eliminate proteins and gums; they are nutrients for the micro<strong>org</strong>anism growth that degraded the oil.<br />
This method uses the follow treatments: acid, heat, hydration and others (6, 7 y 8).<br />
The neutralization diminishes free fatty acids in oil, since these indicate deterioration in fatty acids.<br />
The common treatment is employing NaOH. But, there are many others such as: Na2CO3, lime,<br />
destilation, and others (7 y 8).<br />
Lyon and Becker (1987) refined oil from amaranth seed (A. cruentus). Crude oil amaranth was<br />
degummed for the hydration method at 50º C with 1 % (v/v) water, and yield was 96 %. The initial AV<br />
of the crude oil was 2.37 % of oleic acid, and was neutralized employing 16º Bé NaOH at 14.4 % (v/v),<br />
the AV decreased to 0.03 % obtaining 89.4 % of neutralized oil. The purpose of this work was<br />
degumming and neutralizing the oil from amaranth seed (A. hypochondriacus) with 35.02 % AV as<br />
oleic acid.<br />
Materials and Methods<br />
The materials used were reagent degree.<br />
Amaranth oil<br />
The oil used was crude oil amaranth, from Hidalgo (Mexico).
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