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FSB1 – 2004 Food Science and Biotechnology in Developing Countries Residues Fiber Pectin Lignin Cellulose Total Insoluble Soluble Potato peel [30] 73 6.2 b 16 13.8 16 Potato pulp 15.8 9.4 6.4 ~15 [31] - - Soy bean shells 64.6 56.9 7.7 - - - Sugar beet pulp 75.3 50.1 25.2/ 22.1 [32] 30 [33] / 26 [34] 1.85 [32] / 4.56 [34] 23/ 27.2 [32] White wine pomace 58.6 56.3 2.3 3.9 [25] / 5.5 [35] 41.2 [25] / 53.6 [35] - Results expressed as percentage of original dry matter, - no data available, b= as hemicellulose To view vegetable waste recovery processes as potential goldmines is typically overly optimistic, as the costs of extraction and purification of the components generally reduce the profit margins available to levels that are barely economic, as already described. For this reason the third example is focused on the creation of ‘bioadsorbents’ to be used in waste water treatment with improved functionality, using their natural content of adsorptive components or enhancing their adsorption rate by combination of favored raw materials. Adsorption happens on the interface; therefore an important criterion for the effectiveness of adsorbents is its surface area. Several methods are available to reach as large as possible surface area like fine grinding, chemical or biochemical modification, or creating a specific structure. Hence there is a relation between the natural properties of vegetable material and the requirements for high quality adsorbents which could be matched during adaptation processing, as visualized in Figure 3. decent moderate moderate adsorption rate surface area chemical stability possible regeneration easy Residual matter low, easy disposal life cycle long Adsorbens good macropores : micropores 50:50 low chemical inertness high acceptable pore size distribution decent very cheap prize low bulk ware handling easy Figure 3 Natural properties of vegetable waste (average) and expected product profile for carbons at waste water treatment Effective adsorption is feasible without physical or chemical activation. Several vegetable residues have been used as bioadsorbents for waste water treatment so far. The raw material has only been cut, dried, and ground before the experiments; important influencing parameters arise. We did series of experiments with different residues, checking their ability to adsorb waste water components. Toluene representing a substance of oecotoxic relevance has been tested in aqueous solution. The adsorbing conditions were determined while changing the influencing process parameters. As bioadsorbents we have used olive press cake, dried and ground to different particle sizes. high high good
FSB1 – 2004 Food Science and Biotechnology in Developing Countries This clean production concept shows a good utilization potential for solid vegetable waste. It could achieve a reduction of investment and raw material costs and can contribute to a waste-minimized food production. Especially the development of bioadsorbents is a promising area to add value to vegetable residues. They will appear as a cheap and environmentally safe alternative to commercial ion-exchange resins. References: [1] Henn, T. (1998). Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung und Bewertung funktioneller Lebensmittelzutaten aus Reststoffen am Beispiel von Möhrentrestern und ihrer Anwendung in Getränken (Thesis Bonn/D 1998). Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen. [2] Henn, T.; Kunz, B. (1996) Zum Wegwerfen zu schade. ZFL 47 (1/2) 21-23. [3] Lucas, J. et al. (1997) Fermentative utilization of fruit and vegetable pomace (biowaste) for the production of novel types of products - results of an air project. Proceedings of the eleventh forum for applied biotechnology, Gent, Belgium, 25-26 September 1997, Part II. Mededelingen -Faculteit-Landbouwkundigeen-Toegepaste-Biologische-Wetenschappen,-Universiteit-Gent. 1997, 62 4b, 1865-1867. [4] Clemente, A.; Sanchez-Vioque, R.; Vioque, J.; Bautista, J.; Millan, F. (1997). Chemical composition of extracted dried olive pomaces containing two and three phases. Food-biotechnology 11(3), 273-291. [5] Dronnet, V.M.; Axelos, M.A.V.; Renard, C.M.; Thibault, J.F. (1998) Improvement of the binding capacity of metal cations by sugar-beet pulp. 1. Impact of cross-linking treatments on composition, hydration and binding properties. Carbohydrate polymers 35, 29-37. [6] Prasertsan, S.; Prasertsan, P. (1996) Biomass residues from palm oil mills in Thailand: an overview on quantity and potential usage, Biomass and Bioenergy 11 (5) 387-395. [7] Sriroth, K. et al. (2000) Processing of cassava waste for improved biomass utilization. Bioresource Technology 71, 63-69. [8] Carvalheiro, F.; Roseiro, J.C.; Collaco, M.T.A. (1994) Biological conversion of tomato pomace by pure and mixed fungal cultures. Process biochemistry. 29 (7), 601-605. [9] Haddadin, M.S.; Abdulrahim, S.M.; Al-Kawaldeh, G.Y.; Robinson, R.K. (1999) Solid state fermentation of waste pomace from olive processing. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 74, 613-618. [10] Hussein, M. Z., Tarmizi, R. S. H., Zainal, Z., Ibrahim, R. (1996). Preparation and characterization of active carbons from oil palm shells. Carbon, 34 (11), 1447-1454. [11] Tran, C.T.; Mitchell, D.A. (1995) Pineapple waste - a novel substrate for citric acid production by solid-state fermentation. Biotechnology-Letters. 17 (10) 1107-1110. [12] Nakata, Bill (1994) Recycling by-products on California vineyards. Biocycle 4, 61. [13] Zheng, Z.; Shetty, K.(1998) Cranberry processing waste for solid state fungal inoculant production. Process biochemistry 33 (3), 323-329. [14] Toles, C.A. et al. (2000) Acid-activated carbons from almond shells: physical, chemical and adsorptive properties and estimated cost of production. Bioresource Technology 71, 87-92. [15] Manthey, J.A.; Grohmann, K. (1996) Concentrations of Hesperidin and other orange peel flavonoids in citrus processing byproducts. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 44, 811-814. [16] Idarraga, G. et al. (1999) Pulp and Paper from Blue Agave waste from Tequila production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 4450-4455. [17] Iniguez-Covarrubias, G; Lange, S.E.; Rowell, R.M. (2001) Utilization of byproducts from the tequila industry: part1: agave bagasse as a raw material for animal feeding and fiberboard production Bioresource Technology 77, 25-32. [18] Laufenberg, G.; Kunz, B.; Nystroem, M. (2002) Transformation of vegetable waste into value added products: a) the upgrading concept b) practical implementations. Biores. Technol. 87, no. 2 167-198. [19] Laufenberg, G. (2001) Adding value to vegetable waste- Synergy of new utilisation routes and latest processing technology. Eurocaft2001, European conference on Advanced Technology for Safe and High quality Foods, 5.-7.12.01 Berlin (D). [20] Laufenberg, G.; Rosato, P.; Kunz, B. (2004) Adding value to vegetable waste: Oil press cakes as substrates for microbial decalactone production. European Journal of Lipid Science 106/04, 207-217. [21] Henn, T.: Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bonn, Bonn (D) 1998. [22] Laufenberg, G.; Kunz, B.; Nystroem, M.: Transformation of vegetable waste into value added products: a) the upgrading concept b) practical implementations. Biores. Technol. 87, no. 2 (2003) 167-198.
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Calcium absorption is shown in figu
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D (m2/s) 1.00E-09 9.00E-10 8.00E-10
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Tejate Drying Study Mendoza-Santiag
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The tejate dough is mainly constitu
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CONCLUSION A tejate formulation was
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problems can be controlled by doubl
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The primary emulsion was still visc
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Evaluation of microbial, physicoche
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Table 1. Microbiological results of
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BIBLIOGRAPHY g of H 2O/g of dry mat
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. Texture attributes of sabila cube
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