K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
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FSB1 – 2004<br />
Food Science and Biotechnology in Developing Countries<br />
Preparation of apricot saturated juice. 300 g of frozen apricot were homogenized together with 150 mL<br />
of water UP (ultra pure) and 200 g of (NH4)2SO4. The mixture was centrifuged at 10,000xg rpm during<br />
30 min to 4 ºC, and the saturated juice (supernatant) was recovered.<br />
Liquid-liquid extraction method (L-L).<br />
In a cold bath, where blended 50 mL of saturated juice, with 30 mL of CH2Cl2 and 48 µg of 4-nonanol<br />
as internal standard (IS). The mixture was agitated during 30 minutes on a gaseous nitrogen saturated<br />
atmosphere. Later, the mixture was centrifuged at 10,000xg at 4ºC during 15 min (this extraction was<br />
done twice). Watery phase was removed and the <strong>org</strong>anic phase (CH2Cl2 + volatile compounds) was<br />
object of microdistillation process.<br />
Concentration using reflux (microdistillation). The microdistillation process is the final step, commonly<br />
used in the extraction techniques with solvents here mentioned. The <strong>org</strong>anic phase (CH2Cl2 + volatile<br />
components) coming from any of the methods (L-L, SDE and C18) was concentrated, the following<br />
way: the <strong>org</strong>anic phase was dehydrated with Na2SO4 and filtrated through glass fiber, collecting the<br />
filtrate in a flask of conical bottom of 250 mL. The sample filtrated was distilled in a Vigreux column,<br />
heating the flask of conical bottom in a bath at 45ºC, to concentrate the volume of the sample<br />
approximately to 0.5 mL. The extract concentrated was stored -20 ºC in a 2 mL vial, until the moment<br />
of its analysis in GC-FID.<br />
Clarification of the saturated juice.<br />
210 mL of the saturated juice was defrosted in a bath of water at room temperature (15 to 20 ºC) and<br />
treated as Boulanger (1999), liquefied using a mixture of cellulose (5 g/L), pectinase (2 g/L) PVP (0.2<br />
g/L) at 25 ºC for 90 min, and centrifuged (30 min, 10 000xg) at 4 ºC. The clear supernatant (saturated<br />
juice clarified) was used in the reverse phase chromatography.<br />
Reverse phase chromatography (C18).<br />
The C18 column (Varian®, Walnut, CA, USA) was activated passing through 25 mL of CH3OH and<br />
later 25 mL of water UP. 50 mL of the saturated juice clarified were mixed with 48µg of 4-nonanol as<br />
IS and filtrated through the column C18, at flow rate of 1.5mL/min, the free aroma compounds (free<br />
fraction) were adsorbed in the solid phase of the column. Later, the column was washed with 30 mL of<br />
water UP, to elute the polar components, the free fraction was eluted of the column with 30 mL of<br />
CH2Cl2. Finally this fraction was conduced to the microdistillation process.<br />
Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE).<br />
Preparation of the sample.<br />
100 g of frozen Apricot were mixed with 200 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 8), 48 µg of 4-nonanol as IS<br />
and 0.2 mL of antifoaming, during 4 min. The final pH was on a 7± 0.2 range.<br />
Parameters in the SDE.<br />
The flask with the sample it was assembled to the Likens-Nickerson apparatus and warmed at 100<br />
to120 ºC range, until boiling. Simultaneously in the other section of the apparatus a small flask was<br />
assembled, with 30 mL of CH2Cl2, this was heated to 45 ºC. The heating of the sample stayed 2 hours.<br />
The solvent was recovered and stored at -20 ºC until their use in the micro distillation process.<br />
Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME).<br />
A puree was prepared with 50 g of frozen Apricot and 50 mL of water UP, in a coldbath. 5 g of this<br />
puree was placed in a 20 mL vial and 5 mL of a saturated solution of NaCl were added. The vial was<br />
sealed tightly and incubated at 40 ºC during one hour, later, the needle of the syringe SPME was<br />
inserted and the fiber (Carboxen/PDMS de 65 µm, Supelco, Bellefonte, PA) was exposed in the head<br />
space inside the vial during 20 minutes. After, the fiber SPME was retracted carefully; the needle of<br />
the vial was taken out and immediately injected in a GC-FID exposing the fiber during 4 min in the<br />
injector. The quantification of the concentration of volatile compounds in SPME it is determined by<br />
means of a standard curve of 4-nonanol.<br />
GC-FID conditions: A Varian 3300 (Walnut Creek, CA, USA) chromatograph equipped with<br />
split/splitless injector and flame ionization detector (FID) was used for all GC analysis. A fused silica<br />
capillary column (J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA) was employed (30m x 0.25 mm i.d., film tickness,<br />
0.25 µm). The temperature program was: increased of 40 to 200 ºC (at 3 ºC/min), then from 200 to<br />
250 ºC (at 5 ºC/min) and maintained for 5 min. The injector temperature was maintained at 250 ºC and<br />
the detector temperature was 300 ºC.