K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
K Nn mK - Amecamex.org.mx
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
FSB1 – 2004<br />
Food Science and Biotechnology in Developing Countries<br />
Country/state Quantity and waste type<br />
Portugal (1994) [8] 14,000 t/a tomato pomace<br />
Jordan (1999) [9] 36,000 t/a olive pomace<br />
Malaysia (1996) [10]<br />
palm oil production<br />
2,520,000 t/a palm mesocarp fiber<br />
1,440,000 t/a oil palm shells<br />
4,140,000 t/a empty fruit bunches<br />
Australia (1995) [11] 400,000 t/a pineapple peel<br />
USA<br />
300,000 t/a grape pomace in California only (1994) [12]<br />
9,525 t/a cranberry pomace (1998) [13]<br />
200,000 t/a almond shells (1997) [14]<br />
3,300,000 t/a orange peel in Florida (1994) [15]<br />
In the last decade the interest in the alternative use of waste streams beyond disposal or fertilization<br />
has increased drastically. Further to rising disposal costs the economic interest has appeared as well.<br />
All of these raw materials contain considerable amounts of valuable substances like sugars, oils, fibers<br />
or polyphenols. Yet, they are either wasted or used at low technological and economical levels, e.g. in<br />
animal feeding or fiberboard production [16][17].<br />
During the last years it has been of interest to develop new processes to use these valuable<br />
substances contained in the residual matter. These raw material streams can now be reintegrated into<br />
the chain of food production, in contrast to ordinary food manufacturing which excludes these material<br />
streams from the production process. Laufenberg et al. [18][19] have designed a sustainability concept<br />
which aims to convert the raw material stream into a new product and/or ingredient.<br />
Raw<br />
material<br />
Prime<br />
processing<br />
Pre<br />
processing<br />
Residual<br />
matter<br />
Food<br />
Ingredient<br />
Intermediate<br />
product<br />
Adaptation<br />
processing<br />
Figure 1 The holistic approach to food processing - the synchronization hexagon [18][19]<br />
Treating residual matter in a three-step process and employing pre-, prime-, and adaptation<br />
processing adds value to the waste as well benefit ecology. This holistic approach to food processing<br />
is presented schematically in Figure 1 , the strategy of the sustainability concept in Figure 2. Starting