Economics and Cross-Media Effects - The European IPPC Bureau

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This document is one of a series of foreseen documents as below (at the time of writing, not all documents have been drafted): Reference Document on Best Available Techniques . . . Code Large Combustion Plants LCP Mineral Oil and Gas Refineries REF Production of Iron and Steel I&S Ferrous Metals Processing Industry FMP Non Ferrous Metals Industries NFM Smitheries and Foundries Industry SF Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics STM Cement and Lime Manufacturing Industries CL Glass Manufacturing Industry GLS Ceramic Manufacturing Industry CER Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry LVOC Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals OFC Production of Polymers POL Chlor – Alkali Manufacturing Industry CAK Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers Industries LVIC-AAF Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Solid and Others industry LVIC-S Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals SIC Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector CWW Waste Treatments Industries WT Waste Incineration WI Management of Tailings and Waste-Rock in Mining Activities MTWR Pulp and Paper Industry PP Textiles Industry TXT Tanning of Hides and Skins TAN Slaughterhouses and Animals By-products Industries Food, Drink and Milk Industries FDM Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs ILF Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents STS Industrial Cooling Systems CV Emissions from Storage ESB Reference Document . . . General Principles of Monitoring MON Economics and Cross-Media Effects ECM Energy Efficiency Techniques ENE SA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary This document is developed primarily to assist in the determination of best available techniques (BAT) under Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control [20, European Commission, 1996]. The concept of BAT under IPPC takes into account the likely cost and benefits of measures as well as aiming to protect the environment taken as a whole to avoid creating a new and more serious environmental problem when solving another. BAT in a general sense is determined by stakeholder groups (technical working groups – TWGs) and is presented in a series of BAT reference documents (BREFs). BAT in BREFs serves as a reference point to assist in the determination of BAT-based permit conditions or for the establishment of general binding rules under Article 9 (8). Article 9 (4) requires that permit conditions shall be based on BAT but taking into account the technical characteristics of the installation concerned, its geographical location and the local environmental conditions. Recital 18 furthermore leaves it for the Member State to determine how these local conditions can, where appropriate, be taken into consideration. Where there is a need to determine which option provides the higher level of protection to the environment in such local situations, the “cross-media” methodologies set out in this document may also help in this determination. Some of the core principles of the Directive are discussed in this document insofar as they relate to taking account of the economic aspects of BAT and taking the environment as a whole (cross-media effects). Chapter 1 - General information on economics and cross-media effects. This chapter discusses the terminology used in the Directive and explains the issues that are addressed in this document. Subsequent chapters set out a number of guidelines which may be used together or in combination to assist decision making relating to the determination of BAT. It is envisaged that the guidelines help to resolve differences in opinion as to BAT decisions by bringing structure to the discussion. The purpose of the Directive is to achieve the integrated prevention and control of pollution arising from the industrial activities listed in Annex 1 of the Directive. The Directive lays down measures designed to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce emissions to the air, water and land from these activities, including measures concerning waste, in order to achieve a high general level of protection of the environment taken as a whole. One of the principles of the Directive is that installations are operated in such a way that all appropriate preventive measures are taken against pollution, in particular through application of the Best Available Techniques (BAT). The definition of BAT in the Directive and the principles that have to be taken into account are discussed. Chapter 2 - Cross-Media guidelines. In order to determine BAT, there is a need to select the technique that is the most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment taken as a whole. To achieve this in practice, there are likely to be instances where it will not be clear which technique offers the highest level of protection. Where this is the case, there may be a need to carry out an assessment to identify which technique is ‘best’. Chapter 2 on cross-media effects sets out the methodologies that should help to determine this. The chapter sets out four guidelines which can lead the user through the process of determining which out of a choice of techniques is the best environmental option. Guideline 1 sets out the information that is necessary to scope and identify the alternative techniques under consideration. Economics and Cross-Media Effects i
Page 1: EUROPEAN COMMISSION Integrated Poll
Page 5: Executive Summary Chapter 5 - Econo
Page 8 and 9: Preface Furthermore, Annex IV of th
Page 11 and 12: Reference Document on Economics and
Page 13 and 14: ANNEX 11 - FINANCIAL RATIOS .......
Page 15 and 16: SCOPE Scope This Reference Document
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Article 9 (4) requires th
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.2: Costing methodology Gui
Page 23 and 24: 2 CROSS-MEDIA GUIDELINES 2.1 Introd
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Two approaches are descri
Page 27 and 28: 2.3 Guideline 1 - Scope and identif
Page 29 and 30: Data quality rating system Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2.4.2.3 The European electricity an
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Where the issue of waste
Page 35 and 36: 2.5.1 Human toxicity Chapter 2 Elim
Page 37 and 38: 2.5.2.2 Issues to consider Chapter
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 2 Work is continuing to est
Page 41 and 42: Eutrophica tion Where: Chapter 2 =
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 Tropospheric ozone can ca
Page 45 and 46: 2.6.2 Normalisation to European tot
Page 47 and 48: Screening local environmental effec
Page 49 and 50: 3 THE COSTING METHODOLOGY Chapter 3
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3 1. as a base case emissio
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3.3 Guideline 7 - Define the cost c
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Energy costs: Operating and mainten
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Chapter 3 Indirect costs - Indirect
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3.4.2 Inflation Chapter 3 The gener
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Example Expressing the original cos
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Chapter 3 This calculation is widel
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Approach 2 Chapter 3 Total annual c
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4 EVALUATING THE ALTERNATIVES Chapt
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Chapter 4 when reporting the result
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Chapter 4 Table 4.1 presents the un
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Chapter 4 In a new installation, us
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Technique NOX Flue-gas recirculatio
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Chapter 4 analysis. Bearing these u
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5 ECONOMIC VIABILITY IN THE SECTOR
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5.2 Industry structure Chapter 5
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Chapter 5 In some sectors there may
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Chapter 5 Threat of substitute prod
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5.4.1 Describing resilience Chapter
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The cement industry Chapter 5 For e
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Chapter 5 In all these cases there
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6 CONCLUDING REMARKS Chapter 6 The
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Chapter 6 The EC is launching and s
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References 22 European Commission (
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GLOSSARY Glossary Term Explanation
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Glossary Term Explanation GDP Gross
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ANNEXES Annexes Economics and Cross
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Substance Human Toxicity Factor 47
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Gas Chemical formula Bromocarbons A
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ANNEX 3 - AQUATIC TOXICITY POTENTIA
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Annexes CAS number Substance PNECTG
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Annexes CAS number Substance PNECTG
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ANNEX 4 - ACIDIFICATION POTENTIALS
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ANNEX 6 - OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL
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Annexes Group Substance Number of i
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Hydrocarbon Photochemical ozone cre
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Annexes ANNEX 8 - EUROPEAN ENERGY M
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Annexes ANNEX 9 - COUNCIL DIRECTIVE
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Annexes ANNEX 11 - FINANCIAL RATIOS
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Annexes ANNEX 12 - EXTERNAL COSTS F
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Annexes PM2.5 - values in EUR/t PM
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Annexes VOC - values in EUR/t PM mo
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Annexes ANNEX 13 - METHODOLOGIES US
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Annexes ANNEX 14 - PRINTING PRESS E
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Annexes Conclusion after following
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Annexes The totals in the table bel
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Annexes GUIDELINE 3 - Calculate the
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Annexes Notes The following paragra
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Annexes Aquatic Toxicity The aquati
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Annexes Eutrophication potential Th
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Annexes Abiotic depletion The abiot
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Annexes As a further step, a compar
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Annexes Cumulated energy demand Lis
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Annexes Abiotic depletion potential
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Annexes ANNEX 15 - EXAMPLE OF NOX R
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Annexes Option 3 - Selective cataly
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Annexes Global Warming Global warmi
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Annexes Application of Guideline 4
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Annexes Annex 15, Table 9 Emission
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Annexes Evaluating the alternatives
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Annexes Threat of new entrants At p
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Economics and Cross-Media Effects - The European IPPC Bureau

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