The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary - Tuninst.net
The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary - Tuninst.net
The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary - Tuninst.net
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Raja 27 Raja<br />
mentioned at several places (see below under °dhamma).<br />
Others are mentioned e. g. at D 1.135, where it is said<br />
he gives food and seed-corn to the farmer, capital to the<br />
trader, wages to the people in government service. His<br />
qualifications are 8 fold (see D 1.137) : well-born (" gentleman,"<br />
khattiya), handsome, wealthy, powerful (with<br />
his army), a believer, learned, clever, intelligent. —<br />
His wealth is proverbial and is characterized in a stock<br />
phrase, which is also used of other ranks,' like setthi's<br />
& brahmana's, viz. " addha mahaddhana mahabhoga<br />
pahuta-jatarupa-rajata pahuta-vitt' upakarana pahutadhana-dhaflna<br />
paripuiina-kosa-kotthagara," e. g. D<br />
1. 1 34. For a late description of a king's quality<br />
and distinction see Miln 226, 227. — His disciplinary<br />
authority is emphasized ;. he spares no tortures in<br />
punishing adversaries or malefactors, esp. the cora<br />
(see below 4 c). A summary example of these<br />
punishments inflicted on criminals is the long passage<br />
illustrating dukkha (bodily pain) at Nd* 304<br />
cp. M lit. 163 (here also on a cora). — 3. <strong>The</strong> king<br />
(raja or khattiya) in the popular opinion, as reflected<br />
in language, heads several lists, which have often been<br />
taken as enumerating '* castes," but which are simply<br />
inclusive statements of var. prominent ranks as playing<br />
a role in the social life of the state, and which were formulated<br />
according to diff. occasions. Thus some show a<br />
more political, some a more religious aspect. E. g.<br />
khattiya amacca brahmaiia gahapati D 1.136; rdjd<br />
brahmai;ia gahapatika A 1.68, where another formula<br />
has khattiya br. g. A 1.66; J 1.217; and the foil, with<br />
an intermediate " rank " (something like " royalty,"<br />
"the royal household") between the king and the<br />
brahmins : raja rdjaputid brahmana gahapatika ne-<br />
gama-janapada K II-74 sq. ; rajano rdja-mahdmattd<br />
khattiya br., gah., titthiya D in. 44 (trsl" Dialogues too<br />
weak "rajas & their officials"); raja rdjabhogga br.,<br />
gah. Vin 111.221. — 4. Var. aspects illustrating the<br />
position of the king in relation to other prominent<br />
groups of the court or populace : (a) raja & khattiya.<br />
All kings were khattiyas. <strong>The</strong> kh. is a noble Kar't^oxliv<br />
(cp. Gr. I'lyiftuiv) as seen fr. def" jati-khattiya at SnA<br />
453 and var. contexts. Already in the Rig Veda the<br />
ksatriya is a person belonging to a royal family (RV<br />
X.109. 3), and rajcuiya is an Ep. of ksatriya (see Zimmer,<br />
Altindisches Leben 213). —raja khattiyo muddhavassito<br />
"a crowned king" D 1.69; 111.61 sq. ; Vin<br />
IV.160 ; A 1.106 sq. ; 11.207 (contrasted with brahmana<br />
mahasala) ; in. 2 99 (if lazy, he is not liked by the people)<br />
M III. 72 sq. (how he becomes a cakkavatti through the<br />
1<br />
appearance of the cakka-ratana). —Without muddhivasitta<br />
: rajano khattiya Dh 294 = Nett 165. Cp.<br />
khattiya bhoja-rajano the khattiyas, the (noble or<br />
lesser ?) kings (as followers of the cakkavatti) Sn 553<br />
(see bhoja). At J vi.515. rajano corresponds directly<br />
to khattiya on p. 517 (satthisahassa°) ; cp. expression<br />
khattiya-kula J 1.2 17 as equivalent<br />
(b) raja & mahamatta. <strong>The</strong> latter<br />
to raja-kula.<br />
occupies the<br />
position of " Premier," but is a rank equal to the king,<br />
hence often called raja himself: Vin 111.47 where styled<br />
" akkhadassa mahamatta." Otherwise he is always<br />
termed raja-mahamatta " royal minister," or " H.R.H.<br />
A the Premier," e. g. Vin 1.172 ; 1.228 (also<br />
1.279 ; Vin<br />
as Magadha-mahamatta), and called himself a khattiya<br />
•—• D 111.44. (c) raja & cora. A prominent figure in the<br />
afiairs of State is the " robber-chief " (maha-cora).<br />
<strong>The</strong> contrast -pair rajano (so always pi.) & cora is very<br />
frequent, and in this connection we have to think of<br />
rajano as either smaller kings, knights or royals (royalists),<br />
i. e. officers of the kings or " the king's Guards."<br />
Thus at J 111.34 tl^6 C. expl" as raja-purisa. It is here<br />
used as a term of warning or frightening " get up,<br />
robber, so that the kings (alias ' policeman ') won't<br />
catch you " : utthehi cora ma tai) gahesur) rajano.<br />
Other passages are e. g. : D<br />
1.7 (raja-katha & corakatha)<br />
= Vin 1.188; M in. 163 (rajano corag agucarii)<br />
gahetva); A 1.68, 154; It 89 (raj' abhinita-|-cor°) ; &<br />
in<br />
to<br />
sequence rajano cora dhutta (as being dangerous<br />
the bhikkhus) at Vin 1.150. 161. — 5. On the<br />
question of kingship in Ancient India see Zimmer,<br />
Altind. Leben pp. 162-175, 212 sq. ; Macdonell & Keith,<br />
Vedtc Index 11.210 sq. ; Pick, Soc. G/. 63-90 ; Foy, Die<br />
Konigl. Gewalt nach den altind. Rechtsbiichern (Leipzig<br />
1895); Rh. Davids, B«rf(//}is/ India pp. i-i6; Hopkins,<br />
E. W., <strong>The</strong> social and military position of the ruling<br />
caste in A. I. in J.A.O.S. 13, 179 sq. ; Banerjea.<br />
Public Administration in A. I. 1916, pp. 63-93. — 6.<br />
Kings mentioned by name [a very limited & casual<br />
list only, for detailed refs. see Dict'y of Names] :<br />
Ajatasattu ; Udena (DhA 1.185); Okkaka ; DIghl (of<br />
Kosala ; Vin<br />
1.342); Parantapa (of Kosambi-; DhA<br />
1.164;) Pasenadi (of Kosala; D 1.87,103; Vin iv.112,<br />
157) ; Bimbisara (of Magadha ; Vin iv.i 16 sq. ; Sn 419)<br />
Bhaddiya ; etc. — 7. (fig.) king as sign of distinction<br />
(" princeps "), as the lion is called raja miganag<br />
Sn 72 ; Vism 650 ; the Himavant is pabbata-raja<br />
A 1.152; III. 44 ; and Gotama's horse Kanlhaka is<br />
called assa-raja J 1.62 = VvA 314. — Note. <strong>The</strong> comp"<br />
form of raja is raja°.<br />
-dgara a king's (garden- or pleasure-) house D 1.7<br />
(°ka) ; DA 1.42. -anga royal mark, characteristic or<br />
qualification; king's property Vin 1.219 (rajangar)<br />
hatthi : the elephants belong to the king), cp. A 1.244 :<br />
assajaniyo ranno angan t' eva sankhai) gacchati is called<br />
king's property, -angana royal court PvA 74. -anatti<br />
king's permission Tikp 26 (in simile), -ana (i) the<br />
king's command J in. 180 ; cp. PvA 217 "ranno ana" ;<br />
(2) the king's fine or punishment, i. e. a punishment<br />
inflicted by the king (cp. Fick, Soc. Gl. 74), synonymous<br />
with raja-danda : (rajanar) karoti to inflict)<br />
J 1.369, 433<br />
242. -4nu-<br />
11.197 ; III. 18. 232, 351 ; iv.42 ; VI. 18 ; PvA<br />
bhava king's power, majesty, authority, pomp J iv.247 ;<br />
PvA 279. -antepura the royal harem A v. 81, 82 (the<br />
10 risks which a bhikkhu is running when visiting it<br />
for alms), -abhinita brought by a king It 89 (-t-corabhinlta).<br />
-abhiraja " king of kings " Sn ; 553 DhsA<br />
20. -amacca royal minister J v. 444 ("majjhe). -ayatana<br />
N. of a tree " : Kingstead tree," the royal tree<br />
(as residence of a king of fairies), Buchanania latifolia<br />
Vin 1.3 sq. (where MVastu 111.303 reads kslrika, i. e.<br />
milk-giving tree) ; J 1.80 ; iv.361 sq. ; DhsA 35 ; VbhA<br />
433<br />
(°cetiya). -iddhi royal power PvA 279. -isi a<br />
royal seer, a king who gives up his throne & becomes<br />
an ascetic (cp. Sk. rajarsi. freq. in Mhbharata & Rama<br />
yana) Th i, 1127 fread raja-d-isi) ; It 2 i (rajisayo, with<br />
var vv. 11. not quite the same meaning) ;<br />
127, 518 ; DhA<br />
J vi.i 16, 124,<br />
IV. 29. Kern, Toev. s. v. proposes reading<br />
rajisi. -upatthana attendance on the king, royal<br />
audience Vin 1.269; J 1.269, 349; in. 119. 299; iv 63.<br />
-upabhoga fit for use by the king Miln 252. -uyyana<br />
royal garden or pleasure ground J in. 1 43 ; Mhvs 15, 2.<br />
-orodha a lady from the king's harem, a royal concubine<br />
Vin IV. 261.<br />
(5<br />
-kakudha-bhanda an ensign of royalty<br />
: khagga, chatta, unhisa, paduka, valavijani) DhA<br />
1.356. See under kakudha. -katha talk about kings<br />
(as tiracchanakatha in disgrace), comb* with corakatha<br />
(see above 4 c) D 1.7 ; 111.36, 54 ; Vin 1.188. -kammika<br />
a royal official, one employed by the king J 1.439;<br />
IV. 169. -kutumba the king's property J 1.439. -kunda<br />
a " crook of a king " DhA 111.56. -kumara a (royal)<br />
prince<br />
VbhA<br />
(cp. khattiya-kumara) Vin 1.269; J<br />
196 (in comparison), -kumbhakara a<br />
in. 122;<br />
" royal<br />
potter," i. e. a potter being "purveyor to the king"<br />
J<br />
V.290. -kula the king's court or palace A 1.128;<br />
11.205; Vin iv.265 ; J 11.301; DhA 11.44. 46; 111.124.<br />
-khadaya phuttha at Sn 831 is according to Kern,<br />
Toev. to be read as rajakkhataya ph. (fr. rajakkha).<br />
<strong>The</strong> old Niddesa. however, reads "khadSya & expl"" the<br />
word (Nd^ 171) by rajabhojaniyena, i. e. the king's<br />
food, which is alright without being changed, -guna<br />
" virtue of a king" M 1.446 (trick of a circus horse;