The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary - Tuninst.net

Raja 27 Raja
mentioned at several places (see below under °dhamma).
Others are mentioned e. g. at D 1.135, where it is said
he gives food and seed-corn to the farmer, capital to the
trader, wages to the people in government service. His
qualifications are 8 fold (see D 1.137) : well-born (" gentleman,"
khattiya), handsome, wealthy, powerful (with
his army), a believer, learned, clever, intelligent. —
His wealth is proverbial and is characterized in a stock
phrase, which is also used of other ranks,' like setthi's
& brahmana's, viz. " addha mahaddhana mahabhoga
pahuta-jatarupa-rajata pahuta-vitt' upakarana pahutadhana-dhaflna
paripuiina-kosa-kotthagara," e. g. D
1. 1 34. For a late description of a king's quality
and distinction see Miln 226, 227. — His disciplinary
authority is emphasized ;. he spares no tortures in
punishing adversaries or malefactors, esp. the cora
(see below 4 c). A summary example of these
punishments inflicted on criminals is the long passage
illustrating dukkha (bodily pain) at Nd* 304
cp. M lit. 163 (here also on a cora). — 3. The king
(raja or khattiya) in the popular opinion, as reflected
in language, heads several lists, which have often been
taken as enumerating '* castes," but which are simply
inclusive statements of var. prominent ranks as playing
a role in the social life of the state, and which were formulated
according to diff. occasions. Thus some show a
more political, some a more religious aspect. E. g.
khattiya amacca brahmaiia gahapati D 1.136; rdjd
brahmai;ia gahapatika A 1.68, where another formula
has khattiya br. g. A 1.66; J 1.217; and the foil, with
an intermediate " rank " (something like " royalty,"
"the royal household") between the king and the
brahmins : raja rdjaputid brahmana gahapatika ne-
gama-janapada K II-74 sq. ; rajano rdja-mahdmattd
khattiya br., gah., titthiya D in. 44 (trsl" Dialogues too
weak "rajas & their officials"); raja rdjabhogga br.,
gah. Vin 111.221. — 4. Var. aspects illustrating the
position of the king in relation to other prominent
groups of the court or populace : (a) raja & khattiya.
All kings were khattiyas. The kh. is a noble Kar't^oxliv
(cp. Gr. I'lyiftuiv) as seen fr. def" jati-khattiya at SnA
453 and var. contexts. Already in the Rig Veda the
ksatriya is a person belonging to a royal family (RV
X.109. 3), and rajcuiya is an Ep. of ksatriya (see Zimmer,
Altindisches Leben 213). —raja khattiyo muddhavassito
"a crowned king" D 1.69; 111.61 sq. ; Vin
IV.160 ; A 1.106 sq. ; 11.207 (contrasted with brahmana
mahasala) ; in. 2 99 (if lazy, he is not liked by the people)
M III. 72 sq. (how he becomes a cakkavatti through the
1
appearance of the cakka-ratana). —Without muddhivasitta
: rajano khattiya Dh 294 = Nett 165. Cp.
khattiya bhoja-rajano the khattiyas, the (noble or
lesser ?) kings (as followers of the cakkavatti) Sn 553
(see bhoja). At J vi.515. rajano corresponds directly
to khattiya on p. 517 (satthisahassa°) ; cp. expression
khattiya-kula J 1.2 17 as equivalent
(b) raja & mahamatta. The latter
to raja-kula.
occupies the
position of " Premier," but is a rank equal to the king,
hence often called raja himself: Vin 111.47 where styled
" akkhadassa mahamatta." Otherwise he is always
termed raja-mahamatta " royal minister," or " H.R.H.
A the Premier," e. g. Vin 1.172 ; 1.228 (also
1.279 ; Vin
as Magadha-mahamatta), and called himself a khattiya
•—• D 111.44. (c) raja & cora. A prominent figure in the
afiairs of State is the " robber-chief " (maha-cora).
The contrast -pair rajano (so always pi.) & cora is very
frequent, and in this connection we have to think of
rajano as either smaller kings, knights or royals (royalists),
i. e. officers of the kings or " the king's Guards."
Thus at J 111.34 tl^6 C. expl" as raja-purisa. It is here
used as a term of warning or frightening " get up,
robber, so that the kings (alias ' policeman ') won't
catch you " : utthehi cora ma tai) gahesur) rajano.
Other passages are e. g. : D
1.7 (raja-katha & corakatha)
= Vin 1.188; M in. 163 (rajano corag agucarii)
gahetva); A 1.68, 154; It 89 (raj' abhinita-|-cor°) ; &
in
to
sequence rajano cora dhutta (as being dangerous
the bhikkhus) at Vin 1.150. 161. — 5. On the
question of kingship in Ancient India see Zimmer,
Altind. Leben pp. 162-175, 212 sq. ; Macdonell & Keith,
Vedtc Index 11.210 sq. ; Pick, Soc. G/. 63-90 ; Foy, Die
Konigl. Gewalt nach den altind. Rechtsbiichern (Leipzig
1895); Rh. Davids, B«rf(//}is/ India pp. i-i6; Hopkins,
E. W., The social and military position of the ruling
caste in A. I. in J.A.O.S. 13, 179 sq. ; Banerjea.
Public Administration in A. I. 1916, pp. 63-93. — 6.
Kings mentioned by name [a very limited & casual
list only, for detailed refs. see Dict'y of Names] :
Ajatasattu ; Udena (DhA 1.185); Okkaka ; DIghl (of
Kosala ; Vin
1.342); Parantapa (of Kosambi-; DhA
1.164;) Pasenadi (of Kosala; D 1.87,103; Vin iv.112,
157) ; Bimbisara (of Magadha ; Vin iv.i 16 sq. ; Sn 419)
Bhaddiya ; etc. — 7. (fig.) king as sign of distinction
(" princeps "), as the lion is called raja miganag
Sn 72 ; Vism 650 ; the Himavant is pabbata-raja
A 1.152; III. 44 ; and Gotama's horse Kanlhaka is
called assa-raja J 1.62 = VvA 314. — Note. The comp"
form of raja is raja°.
-dgara a king's (garden- or pleasure-) house D 1.7
(°ka) ; DA 1.42. -anga royal mark, characteristic or
qualification; king's property Vin 1.219 (rajangar)
hatthi : the elephants belong to the king), cp. A 1.244 :
assajaniyo ranno angan t' eva sankhai) gacchati is called
king's property, -angana royal court PvA 74. -anatti
king's permission Tikp 26 (in simile), -ana (i) the
king's command J in. 180 ; cp. PvA 217 "ranno ana" ;
(2) the king's fine or punishment, i. e. a punishment
inflicted by the king (cp. Fick, Soc. Gl. 74), synonymous
with raja-danda : (rajanar) karoti to inflict)
J 1.369, 433
242. -4nu-
11.197 ; III. 18. 232, 351 ; iv.42 ; VI. 18 ; PvA
bhava king's power, majesty, authority, pomp J iv.247 ;
PvA 279. -antepura the royal harem A v. 81, 82 (the
10 risks which a bhikkhu is running when visiting it
for alms), -abhinita brought by a king It 89 (-t-corabhinlta).
-abhiraja " king of kings " Sn ; 553 DhsA
20. -amacca royal minister J v. 444 ("majjhe). -ayatana
N. of a tree " : Kingstead tree," the royal tree
(as residence of a king of fairies), Buchanania latifolia
Vin 1.3 sq. (where MVastu 111.303 reads kslrika, i. e.
milk-giving tree) ; J 1.80 ; iv.361 sq. ; DhsA 35 ; VbhA
433
(°cetiya). -iddhi royal power PvA 279. -isi a
royal seer, a king who gives up his throne & becomes
an ascetic (cp. Sk. rajarsi. freq. in Mhbharata & Rama
yana) Th i, 1127 fread raja-d-isi) ; It 2 i (rajisayo, with
var vv. 11. not quite the same meaning) ;
127, 518 ; DhA
J vi.i 16, 124,
IV. 29. Kern, Toev. s. v. proposes reading
rajisi. -upatthana attendance on the king, royal
audience Vin 1.269; J 1.269, 349; in. 119. 299; iv 63.
-upabhoga fit for use by the king Miln 252. -uyyana
royal garden or pleasure ground J in. 1 43 ; Mhvs 15, 2.
-orodha a lady from the king's harem, a royal concubine
Vin IV. 261.
(5
-kakudha-bhanda an ensign of royalty
: khagga, chatta, unhisa, paduka, valavijani) DhA
1.356. See under kakudha. -katha talk about kings
(as tiracchanakatha in disgrace), comb* with corakatha
(see above 4 c) D 1.7 ; 111.36, 54 ; Vin 1.188. -kammika
a royal official, one employed by the king J 1.439;
IV. 169. -kutumba the king's property J 1.439. -kunda
a " crook of a king " DhA 111.56. -kumara a (royal)
prince
VbhA
(cp. khattiya-kumara) Vin 1.269; J
196 (in comparison), -kumbhakara a
in. 122;
" royal
potter," i. e. a potter being "purveyor to the king"
J
V.290. -kula the king's court or palace A 1.128;
11.205; Vin iv.265 ; J 11.301; DhA 11.44. 46; 111.124.
-khadaya phuttha at Sn 831 is according to Kern,
Toev. to be read as rajakkhataya ph. (fr. rajakkha).
The old Niddesa. however, reads "khadSya & expl"" the
word (Nd^ 171) by rajabhojaniyena, i. e. the king's
food, which is alright without being changed, -guna
" virtue of a king" M 1.446 (trick of a circus horse;