The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary - Tuninst.net

Ragin 26 Raja
affected with passion S 1.136; Sn 795 (as "ragin, cp.
Nd^ ioo = kama-gunesu ratta).
Ragin (-°) [fr. raga] one who shows passion for, possessed
of lust, affected with passion Sn 795 (cp. Nd^ lOo)
S 1. 136; Visra 193, 194 (with var. characterisations).
Rajaka (adj.) (-°) [raja + ka, the ending belonging to the
whole cpd.] characteristic of the king, king- ; in cpds.
arajaka without a king J vi.39 (rafthe) ; sarajaka including
the king Tikp 26 ; f. sarajika Vin 1.209 (parisa).
Also in phrase anikkhanta-rajake (loc. abs.) when the
king has not gone out Vin iv.160.
Rajanfia [fr. raja, cp, Vedic rajanya] " royalty " ; a high
courtier, a khattiya ( = rajabhogga, cp. Fick, Sociale
Gliederung 100) D 1.103 (Pasenadi raja . . . uggehi
va rajaniyehi va kaficid eva mantanar) manteyya)
DA 1.273 ( = anabhisitta kumara, i. e. uncrowned
princes) ; Miln 234 ; VvA 297 (Payasi r.).
Rajata (f.) [abstr. fr. raja] state of being a king, kingship,
sovereignty J 1.119 (anuttara-dhamma° being a most
righteous king).
Rajati [raj, cp. rajati & ranjati] to shine VvA 134 ( = vijjotati).
Cp. vi°.
Raja (Rajan) [cp. Vedic raja, n-stem. To root reg,
as in Lat. rego (to lead, di-rect, cp. in meaning Gr.
iiyifiiliv) : see etym. under uju. Cp. Oir. ri king, Gallic
Catu-rix battle king, Goth reiks = Ohg. rihhi = rich or
Ger. reich. Besides we have *reig in Ags. rScean =
reach; Ger. reichen. — The Dhtp only knows of one
root raj in meaning " ditti " i. e. splendour] king, a
ruling potentate. The def" at Vin 111.222 is " yo Tcoci
rajjai) kSreti." The fanciful etym. at D 111.93 =
Vism 419 is " dhammena pare ranjeti ti raja" i. e. he
gladdens others with his righteousness. — At the latter
passage the origin of kingly government is given as the
third stage in the constitution of a people, the 2 preceding
being maha-sammata (general consent) and
khattiya (the land-aristocrats). Cases. We find 3
systems of cases for the original Sk. forms, viz. the
contracted, the diaeretic and (in the pi.) a new formation
with -U-. Thus gen. & dat. sg. rafifio [Sk. rajnah]
Vin III. 107 ; IV. 157 ; J 11.378 ; 111.5 ; Vv 74* ; and rajino
Sn 299, 415 ; Th 2, 463 ; J iv.495 ; Mhvs 2, 14 ; instr. sg.
ratifia Vin 111.43 ; J v. 444 ; DhA 1.164 ; PvA 22 ; VbhA
106 ; and rajina [Sk. rajfia] Mhvs 6, 2 ; ace. sg. rajanaQ
Vin IV. 157; loc. la-iiRe PvA 76; voc. raja Sn 422, 423.
pi. nom. rajano A 1.68 gen. dat. rafifiag ; [Sk. rajfiai)]
D 11.87; Mhvs 18, 32; and rajunat) Vin 1.228; Ud 11;
II. J 104; III. 487; SnA 484; PvA loi, 133; instr. rafi-
fiahi A 1.279 rajiihi Ud 41 ; M 11. 120 ; J 1.179 ; 111.45 ;
Mhvs 5, 80 ; 8, 21 ; and
rajubhi D 11.258. Cp. Geiger,
P.Gr. § 92'. — I. raja is a term of sovereignship. The
term raja as used in Buddhist India does not admit of
a uniform interpretation and translation. It is primarily
an appellative (or title) of a khattiya, and often
the two are used promiscuously. Besides, it has a far
wider sphere of meaning than we convey by any trsl'
like " king " or even " sovereign," or " prince." We
find it used as a desigfnation of " king " in the sense of
an elected or successory (crowned) monarch, but also
in the meaning of a distinguished nobleman, or a local
chieftain, or a prince with var. attributes characterizing
his position according to special functions. From this
we get the foil, scheme : (a) [based on mythological
views: the king as representing the deity, cp. deva =
king. Note that raja never takes the place of deva
in the meaning king, but that maharaja is used in voc.
equivalent to deva] a world-king, over-lord, a so-called
cakkavatti raja. This is an office (as " Universal
King") peculiar to the Mahapurisa or the (mythol.)
" Great Man," who may become either the Saviour of
men in the religious sense, a Sarama-sarabuddha, or a
just Ruler of the earth in the worldly sense, a King of
Righteousness. These are the 2 gatis of such a being,
as described at var. places of the Canon (e. g. Sn p. 106 ;
Sn 1002, 1003; D III. 142 ; A
1.76). His power is
absolute, and is described in the standard phrase " c.
dhammiko dhatnma-raja caturanto vijitavi janapadatthavariya-ppatto
satta-ratana-samannagato," e. g.
D III. 59. Dhammapala gives the dignity of a C. as
the first "human sovereign powers" (PvA 117).
The four iddhi's of a C. are given (quite crudely) at
M III. 1 76 : he is beautiful, lives longer than others, is of
a healthier constitution than others, he is beloved by
the brahmins and householders. Other qualities : how
his remains should be treated = D 11. 141 ; deserves a
thupa D II. 142 sq. ; his four qualities D 11. 145 (the 4
assemblies of khattiyas, brahmanas, gahapatis &
samanas are pleased with him). See under cakkavatti
& ratana. — In a similar sense the term dhatnina-raja
is used as Ep. of the Buddha Sn 554 (raj' 5.ham asmi
dh-.r. anuttaro) ; J 1.262 ; and a reflection of the higher
sphere is seen in the title of politeness (only used in
voc.) maharaja, e. g. Sn 416 (addressed to Bimbisara)
PvA 22 (id.) ; J VI. 515. — (b) [in a larger constitutional
state] the crowned (muddhS,vasitta) monarch (i. e.
khattiya) as the head of the principality or kingdom.
The def" of this (general) raja, at Nd^ 542 is significant
of the idea of a king prevalent in early Buddhist times.
It is : " khattiyo muddh' abhisitto vijita-sangamo
nihata-paccamitto laddh' adhippayo paripuijna-kotthagaro,"
i. e. " a crowned noble, victorious in battle,
slaying his foes, fulfilling his desires, having his storehouses
full." This king is " the top of men " (mukhai)
manussanai)) Vin 1.246 = Sn 568. Cp. D 1.7; Sn 46
(ratthai) vijitam pahaya) ; J v. 448 and passim. See
also below 3, 4 & 6. — In similes: see J.P.T.S. 1907,
128; & cp. Vism 152 (r. va saddh' antagato), 336
(wishing to become an artisan). Here belongs the title
of the king of the devas (Sakka) " deva-raja," e. g.
DhA III. 269, 441 ;
PvA 62. — (c) [in an oligarchic sense]
member of a kula of khattiyas, e. g. the kumaras of the
Sakiyans and Koliyans are all called rajano of the rajakulanai)
in J. v. 413 sq., or at least the heads of those
kulas. Cp.jB. Ind. p. ig. — (d) [in a smaller, autocratic
state] a chieftain, prince, ruler ; usually (collectively)
as a group :
rajano, thus indicating their lesser importance,
e. g. A V.22 (ku(Jda-rajano rafifio cakkavattissa
anuyutta bhavanti : so read for anuyanta) ; Sn 553
(bhoja° similar to raja-bhogga or bhogiya as given at
SnA 453); A 11.74 sq- (dhammika & a°) ; J iv.495.
Similarly at Vin 1.228 we find the division into the 3
rajano, majjhima r., nica r. Here
ranks : mahesakkha
also belongs the designation of the 4 lokapala (or
Guardians of the World) at cattaro maha-rajano, the
maha" being added for sake of politeness (cp. Note A
on maha), e. g. A iv.242. See also patiraja & cp. below
4 c. — (e) A wider range of meaning is attached to
several sub-divisions (with raja or without) : officials
and men who occasionally take the place of the king
(royal functionaries), but are by public opinion considered
almost equal to the king. Here belongs the
def» of what is termed "rajano" (pi. like d) at Vin
in. 47, viz. raja, padesa-raja, mapij^lika, antarabhogika,
akkhadassa, mahamatta, ye va pana chejjabhejjag
anusasanti (i. e. those who have juridical
power). See also below 4 b, and °putta, "bhogga [&
other cpds.]. — 2. It would fill a separate book, if we
were to give a full monograph of kingship in and after
the Buddha's time ; we therefore content ourselves with
a few principal remarks. The office of king was hereditary
: kula-santakar) rajjai) J 1.395; ii.ii6; iv.124;
but we sometimes read of a king being elected with
great pomp : J 1.470 ; PvA 74. He had the political
and military power in his hand, also the jurisdiction,
although in this he is often represented by the mahamatta,
the active head of the state. His 10 duties are