The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary - Tuninst.net

Dukkha l6o Dukkha
(+soka) D 1. 189; 111.136, 277; M 1. 185: A 1.107: Sn
p. 140 ; Nd^ under sankhara ; It 17 (with dukkhassa
atikkama for nirodha), 104, 105; Ps 1.37; 11. 204, 147;
Pug 15. 68 ; Vbh 328 ; Nett 72, 73. It is referred to as
dukkha, samudaya, nirodha. magga at Vin i.K), it>, ig ;
D III. 227; Nd^ 304'"'; as asavanai) khaya-fiaija at
D 1.83; Vin 111.5 ; as sacca No. t + paticcasamuppada
at A 1. 76 sq. (H-soka"); in a slightly diff. version of
1
No. I (leaving out appiyehi & piychi, having soka°
instead) at D 11.305 ; and in the formula catunnar)
ariyasaccanar) ananubodha etc. at D 11.90 = Vin 1.230.
II. Characterisation in Detail.— i. A further specification
of the 3rd of the Noble Truths is given in the
Paticcarsamuppada (qv.). which analyses the links
& stages of the causal chain in their interdependence as
building up (anabolic = samudaya) &, after their recognition
as causes, breaking down (katabolic-- nirodha)
the dukkha-synthesis, & thus constitutes the Metabolism
of kamma ; discussed e. g. at Vin i ; D 11.32 .sq.
=S II. 2 sq. ; S 11. 17, 20, 65= Nd^ 08om ; S III. 14; M
1.266 sq. ; 11.38; A 1.177; mentioned e. g. at A 1.147;
M 1.192 sq., 460; It 89 = ( dukkhassa antakirlyu).
2. Dukkha as one of the 3 quali/ications of the sankhara
(q. v.), viz. anicca, d., anatta, evanescence, ill, nonsoul
: S 1.188 ; 11.53 (yad aniccat) tar) dukkhag) ; in. 112
(id.) 111.67, 1^0. 222 ; IV.28, 48, 129 sq. ; 131 sq. — rijpe
anicc' Snupassi (etc. with dukkh' & anatt') S 111.41.
anicca-sanna, dukkha" etc. D in. 243 ; A 111.334, "^P-
IV.52 sq. — sabbe sankhara anicca etc. Nd^ under
sankhara. — 3. Specification of Dukkha. The Niddesa
gives a characteristic description of all that comes under
the term dukkha. It employs one stereotyped explanation
(therefore old & founded on schcJastic
authority) (Nd^ 304' ), & one expl" (,304°"-) peculiar
to itself & only applied to Sn 36. The latter defines &
illustrates dukkha exclusively as suffering & torment
incurred by a person as punishment, inflicted on him
either by the king or (after death) by the guardians of
purgatory (niraya-pala ;
below III. 2
see detail under niraya, & cp.
b). — The first expl" (304') is similar in
kind to the definition of d. as long afterwards given in
the Sankhya system (see Sankhya-karika-bhasya of
Gauiapada to stanza i) & classifies the various kinds of
dukkha in the foil, groups : (a) all suffering caused by
the fact of being born, & being through one's kamma
tied to the consequent states of transmigration ; to
this is loosely attached the 3 fold division of d. as
dukkha", sankhara", viparinama" (see below III. 1 c)
— (b) illnesses & all bodily states of suffering (cp.
adhyatmikai) dukkhar) of Sankhya k.); — (c) pain &
(bodily) discomfort through outward circumstances, as
extreme climates, want of food, gnat-bites etc. (cp.
adhibhautikar) & adhidaivikar) d. of Sk.) ; — (d) (Mental)
distress & painful states caused by the death of one's
beloved or other misfortunes to friends or personal
belongings (cp. domanassa). — This list is concluded
by a scholastic characterisation of these var. states as
conditioned by kamma. implicitly due to the afflicted
person not having found his " refuge," i. e. salvation
from these states in the 8 fold Prth (see abov'e B I.).
III. Genera! Application. & v.rious views regarding
—^ dukkha. i . As simple sensat on ( : pain) & related
to other terms ; (a) principally a vedana, sensation, in
particular belonging to the bouy (kayika), or physical
pain (opp. cetasika dukkha mental ill : see domanassa).
Thus defined as kayikar) d. at D 11.306 (cp. the distinction
between sarirai) & manasag dukkhar) in
Sankhya philosophy) M 1.302 ; S v.209 (in def. of dukkhindriya)
; A n.143 (saririka vedana dukkha); Nett
12 (duvidhar) d. : kayikar) = dukkhar) ; cetasikar) =
domanassar)) ; Vism 165 (twofold), 496 (dukkha afmarj
na badhakai)), 499 (seven divisions), 503 (kayika)
SnA 119 (sukhar) va dukkhat) va Sn 67=kayikag satasatai)).
Bdhgh. usually
dukkha, e. g. at SnA 44,
paraphrases d. with vatfa-
212, 377. 505. — (b) Thus to
be understood as physical pain in comb" dukkha -fdomanassa
" pain & grief," where d. can also be taken
as the gen. term & dom" as specification, e. g. in ceta-
sikai) dukkhar) domanassar) pafisagvedeti A 1.157, 2 '6;
IV. 406 ; S 11.69 ; ragajan d "g dom "g patisagvedeti A
11.149; kamupasaghitai) d °i) doni °i) A in. 207; d "g
dom "g patisagvediyati S iv.343. Also as cpd. dukkhadomanassanag
atthangam.aya A in. 326, & freq. in
formula soka-parideva-d"-domana.ss-upayasa (grief &
sorrow, afflictions of pain it misery, i. e. all kinds of
misery) D 1.36 (arising fr. kama) ; M 11.64 ; A v. 2 16 sq. ;
It 89 etc. (see above B I. 4). Cp. also the comb"
dukkhi dummano " miserable and dejected " S 11.282.
— (c) dukkha as *' feeling of pain " forms one of the
three dukkhata or painful states, viz. d.-dukkhata
(painful sensation caused by bodily pain), sankhara"
id. having its origin in the sankhara. viparinama". being
caused by change S iv.25g ; v.56 ; D iii.2r6; Nett 12.
(d) Closely related in meaning is ahita " that which is
not good or profitable," usually opposed to sukha &
hita. It is freq. in the ster. cxpres.sion " hoti digharattag
ahitaya dukkhaya " for a long time it is a source
M of discomfort & pain A 1.194 sq. ;
I^uS 3,3-
1.332 D 111.157;
Also in phrases anatthaya ahitaya dukkhaya
D HI. 2 46