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TOPS Physics - Thermodynamics<br />
Determination of absolute zero<br />
Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature, that at which all molecular motion<br />
stops. Since pressure is dependent upon molecular motion and varies linearly with<br />
temperature we can use the pressure of a container of gas at various temperatures to<br />
extrapolate a line to determine the temperature at which pressure would be zero.<br />
Purpose:<br />
To determine absolute zero.<br />
Equipment:<br />
Vernier Gas Pressure Sensor<br />
Vernier LabPro Interface<br />
Apple iBook computer<br />
Aluminum Air Chamber Assembly with<br />
temperature sensor<br />
(3) water containers<br />
Cautions:<br />
This equipment is delicate. Everything should go together with the lightest of touches.<br />
Do not force anything!<br />
You may find that some of the setup procedure has already been done for you. Check<br />
each step to make sure that it is done properly. The success of your work depends upon<br />
correct setup!<br />
Procedure to set up the pressure sensor<br />
1. Prepare three containers of water, one at room temperature, one with hot tap water,<br />
and one with ice.<br />
2. Connect the tube from the aluminum air chamber to the pressure sensor.<br />
3. Connect the gas pressure sensor to the “CH 1” port of the LabPro interface.<br />
4. Connect the temperature sensor to the “CH 2” port of the<br />
LabPro interface.<br />
5. Connect the LabPro interface to the iBook computer with the<br />
USB cable.<br />
6. Plug the LabPro sensor into a power outlet. After a short pause,<br />
it will beep merrily.<br />
7. Plug the iBook computer in with its power adapter.<br />
8. Turn on the iBook and wait for it to boot up.<br />
9. Log on to the computer with the username “student” and<br />
password “student”.<br />
10. Launch the “Absolute Zero” Activity by double-clicking it.<br />
Pressure<br />
Sensor<br />
Aluminum<br />
Air Chamber<br />
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Data Collection:<br />
Important: Read steps 1-11 completely before performing them<br />
1. Click on the collect button to start data collection<br />
2. Immerse the aluminum air chamber and temperature probe in the ice water bath.<br />
3. Watch the temperature value. It will decrease as the gas in the aluminum air chamber<br />
cools.<br />
4. When the temperature stabilizes (does not change for 30 seconds or so) The<br />
temperature may switch back and forth between two values repeatedly. This is<br />
normal and does not indicate that the temperature is changing.<br />
5. Click on the Keep button.<br />
6. Enter a point number and click on OK. Number the data points 1, 2, and 3.<br />
7. Immerse the aluminum air chamber and temperature probe in the room temperature<br />
water.<br />
8. Repeat steps 3-6.<br />
9. Immerse the aluminum air chamber and temperature probe in the hot water.<br />
10. Repeat steps 3-6.<br />
11. Click on the Stop button. You are through taking data.<br />
Recording your data<br />
Enter the data from the computer’s screen into this Data Table:<br />
Data Point<br />
1<br />
Ice Water<br />
2<br />
Room Temp.<br />
Water<br />
3<br />
Hot Tap Water<br />
Pressure<br />
(kPa)<br />
Temperature<br />
(C)<br />
Computer Data Analysis<br />
1. Click on the Linear Fit button (look for the “R=” button at the top of the screen)<br />
2. A box appears. Look for the y-intercept value in the box. Write it here:<br />
3. Click on the “X” in the box to close it.<br />
4. Double-click in the graph window. The Graph Options window appears<br />
5. Click on Axes Options.<br />
6. In the left hand column (y-axis) change the “Bottom” values to -300.<br />
7. In the x-axis box at the bottom, change the “left” value to -10.<br />
8. Click the Done button.<br />
9. Click on the Linear Fit button (look for the “R=”) again.<br />
10. Notice that, at zero pressure, the line will indicate the temperature associated with<br />
absolute zero. That is how the value for absolute value is determined.<br />
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Graphical Data Analysis<br />
1. On the attached graph paper, plot the temperature data. Note that the temperature is<br />
on the x-axis of this graph.<br />
2. Draw your best-fit straight line through the data points.<br />
3. Extrapolate the best fit line to the left until it crosses the P=0 line.<br />
4. Determine the temperature at P=0, write the value here:<br />
Questions:<br />
1. The accepted value for absolute zero is -273 o C. How well did your value correlate<br />
with the accepted value?<br />
2. Would the effect of small errors in measurement be magnified in finding absolute<br />
zero? Explain why or why not.<br />
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3. How could the experiment be modified to improve the accuracy of its results. You<br />
need not limit yourself to the equipment at hand.<br />
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Teacher Reference Pages<br />
Introduction:<br />
The classic method of determining absolute zero depends upon the kinetic theory of<br />
gases. The pressure of a gas is caused by the momentum of the gas molecules, so at<br />
absolute zero where the kinetic energy of the molecules is zero the pressure will be zero.<br />
This method assumes that the gas in question is ideal with a linear relationship between<br />
temperature and pressure at constant volume.<br />
Experimental goals:<br />
After completing this experiment, students will be able to describe the method and<br />
practice of determining absolute zero. They will be able to determine the value of<br />
absolute zero by creating and interpolating a graph of temperature/pressure data. They<br />
will be able to evaluate the accuracy of their measurements and cite possible sources of<br />
errors in the experiment.<br />
California Science Standards addressed in this laboratory activity:<br />
Academic:<br />
3(a) Students know heat flow and work are two forms of energy transfer between<br />
systems.<br />
3(c) Students know the internal energy of an object includes the energy of<br />
random motion of the object's atoms and molecules, often referred to as thermal<br />
energy. The greater the temperature of the object, the greater the energy of motion<br />
of the atoms and molecules that make up the object.<br />
3(g) Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow, work, and<br />
efficiency in a heat engine and know that all real engines lose some heat to their<br />
surroundings.<br />
Investigation & Experimentation:<br />
1(a) Select and use appropriate tools and technology (such as computer-linked<br />
probes, spreadsheets, and graphing calculators) to perform tests, collect data,<br />
analyze relationships, and display data.<br />
1(b) Identify and communicate sources of unavoidable experimental error.<br />
1(c) Identify possible reasons for inconsistent results, such as sources of error<br />
or uncontrolled conditions.<br />
1(d) Formulate explanations by using logic and evidence.<br />
1(l)Analyze situations and solve problems that require combining and applying<br />
concepts from more than one area of science.<br />
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Equipment:<br />
Vernier Gas Pressure Sensor<br />
Vernier LabPro Interface<br />
i-Book computer<br />
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Key words: temperature, pressure, volume, absolute zero<br />
Procedure notes:<br />
Each lab group needs a minimum of 2 students<br />
Aluminum Air Chamber Assembly with<br />
temperature sensor<br />
(3) water containers<br />
Students must be patient while waiting for the gas in the aluminum air chamber to reach<br />
equilibrium. This is important to getting good data.<br />
Answers to questions:<br />
1. The accepted value for absolute zero is -273C. How well did your value correlate<br />
with the accepted value?<br />
Typically, student errors might seem large. Values from -350 to -200 are to be<br />
expected.<br />
2. Would the effect of small errors in measurement be magnified in finding absolute<br />
zero? Explain why or why not.<br />
Since the data is extrapolated quite a large distance from the collected data, small<br />
errors in that data will result in large errors in the calculated results.<br />
3. How could the experiment be modified to improve the accuracy of its results? You<br />
need not limit yourself to the equipment at hand.<br />
The accuracy of the experiment could be greatly improved by taking data over a wide<br />
temperature range. Student suggestions might be to use boiling water to collect data<br />
at higher temperatures and to use dry ice or liquid nitrogen to collect data at lower<br />
temperatures. Any of these suggestions would result in a wider range of data that is<br />
more likely to be extrapolated to yield an accurate value for absolute zero<br />
References<br />
Vernier equipment guide<br />
California Science Standards<br />
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