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located in a middle-income, suburban-like part of Portland, it is completely isolated from surrounding neighborhoods by an encircling 8-foot-high chain fence and buffer zone of vacant land. The nearest schools and the nearest supermarkets are over two miles away. The Riverton population is 94 percent white. Every third household in Riverton was surveyed during the week of November 26, 1973 by CDF staff members. MASSACHUSETTS 1. Cambridge a. Census Tract 3524 Census Tract 3524 in Cambridge-a suburb of Boston composed of a substantial academic community side-by-side with a multi-racial and multiethnic "blue collar" community-is the poorest Census tract in Cambridge. The median family income is $6,702 and 27 percent of the families have incomes below the poverty level. It is also one of four Census tracts (out of 30) with an over 20 percent black population. It has almost 1,000 persons under 18. Houses in the area are chiefly large, multifamily double and triple deckers. There are also two low-rise housing projects, Newtowne Court and Washington Elms, with heavy concentrations of black families. CDF staff monitored in August 1973 when every third household was visited. b. Census Tract 3527 This Census tract is characterized by a multiethnic, but especially Italian, "blue-collar" population. It also has a large and growing Portuguese community. Most homes are multi-family, double and triple deckers. In addition, Roosevelt Towers, a heavily white high-rise with surrounding low rise units housing project, is located there. Youngsters from Roosevelt Towers and Washington Elms (in Census Tract 3524) are known for their racial conflicts. The median family income in Census Tract 3527 is $7,733 and 18 percent of the families have incomes below the poverty level. There are fewer than 1,000 persons under 18. Every third household was surveyed by CDF staff during August 1973. 2. Holyoke-Census Tract 8114 Census Tract 8114 has the highest concentration of Spanish-speaking persons (Puerto Ricans) of any of the 8 Census tracts in Holyoke. It ranks second 160 in terms of median family income ($6,878) and percentage of families with incomes below the poverty level (22 percent). Block after block of attached five- and six-story walk-up tenements, built originally for textile mill workers, house mostly Puerto Rican families, and some low-income black and white families. Here monitoring was conducted by CDF staff along with interpreters associated with or identified by South City Congress Urban Ministries, and New England Farmworkers Council. Every fourth household was visited during August 1973. 3. New Bedford a. Census Tract 65 10 CDF wanted to survey a middle-income Census tract in New Bedford. We realized that such a tract would include a housing project since in recent years new public housing has been scattered throughout New Bedford. Census Tract 6510 had the highest median family income of any tract in the CDF survey, $10,276. However, this and other Census measures reflect the 100 unit, 23-year-old Parkdale Housing Project but not the newer, larger and attractive Shawmut Village Project opened in 1972 with 170 units. This area, aside from the housing project, has single-family dwellings.. There are over 1,000 persons under 18. CDF staff and people associated with On Board, Inc., a community action agency, surveyed in New Bedford during September 1973. Every fourth household was monitored in Census Tract 6510. b. Census Tract 6526 Census Tract 6526 is the lowest-income Census tract in New Bedford with a median family income of $5,419 and 26 percent of the families with incomes below the poverty level. This area has a heavy concentration of non-English-speaking immigrant Portuguese with large families who have left impoverished conditions in the Azores and mainland of Portugal to seek jobs in the fish, textile, and electronics component industries of New Bedford. Also in this area are less recent immigrants from the Cape Verde Islands off West Africa and a substantial Puerto Rican population. Housing is multi-family double and triple deckers, most in fair condition. Some blocks have been cleared through urban re-
newal. Every third household was monitored in Census Tract 6526. 4. Somerville-Census Tract 3512 Somerville is a largely white, "blue-collar" suburb of Boston located next to Cambridge. CDF wanted to survey such an area and selected Census Tract 3512, with 3,000 persons under 18. Median family income is $9,205 and 7 percent of the families have incomes below the poverty level. This extremely dense area has single and double family houses. Monitoring was done by CDF staff and people identified through Somerville Youth Program. Every fourth household was visited during September and October 1973 and February 1974. 5. Springfield a. Census Tract 8008 According to the Census, Census Tract 8008 has the highest percentage of persons of Spanish language, 50 percent, in Springfield. CDF found that the Puerto Rican population is still growing. This Census Tract has the lowest median family income ($5,119) and the highest percentage of families with incomes below the poverty level (37 percent) in Springfield. Housing in the areas is varied. Puerto Rican families live chiefly in large tenement-like apartment buildings, all in bad condition and many condemned. In other sections there are single and double family homes on tree-lined streets. CDF staff monitored along with interpreters identified through the Memorial Square Neighborhood Council and the Springfield Urban League. Interviews were conducted during August 1973 and a small number during December 1973. Every third household was visited. b. Census Tract 8018 Census Tract 8018 has the highest percentage of blacks (7 I percent) and the second lowest median family income ($5,759) and percentage of families with incomes below the poverty level (27 percent). This heavily black area has one new, small, housing project, but is made up largely of 20- to 30-year-old single and double family, two-story, detached homes plus occassional large subdivided old homes. Monitoring was done by CDF staff along with Springfield Urban League Cadets during August and December 1973. Every fourth household was visited. MISSISSIPPI Canton-Joe Prichard Homes Housing Project Canton is a town of 10,503 people with black and white populations of about equal size. The town has extensive poverty: a median family income of $3,918. Canton has two segregated housing projects; CDF surveyed the black project: Joe Prichard Homes. It has 26 brick buildings with 130 units. Because housing conditions in Canton are very bad, the housing project is not considered undesirable given the housing which is available to the poor. AFSC staff surveyed every household in the project in December 1973. SOUTH CAROLINA I. Columbia a. Census Tract 5 CDF wanted to survey a lower-middle-income urban black area in the South. Census Tract 5 is 78 percent black with a median family income of $5,445 and 35 percent of the families with incomes below the poverty level. It has over 1,000 persons under 18. Though there are some streets with bad housing, housing in the area is chiefly comfortable, modest, single-family brick homes built between 1930 and 1940 on tree-lined streets. The area, once white and now heavily black, has some stable, integrated neighborhoods. AFSC staff monitored in both Columbia Census tracts in August 1973. Interviews were conducted in every fourth household. b. Census Tract 22 Census Tract 22 is a very small, middle-income Census tract with less than 400 persons under 18. This integrated but increasingly black area is characterized by single family homes housing lowermiddle to upper-midd1e-income people. AFSC staff monitored every fourth household in August 1973. 2. Sumter County a. Precinct 2 Precinct 2 was surveyed because of its heterogenous population: racially mixed in both low-income, rural areas and suburban-like, middle-income neighborhoods. Although the Shaw Air Force Base is located there, Shaw officials refused to let AFSC monitors survey on-base housing. Off-base housing includes a new housing development with $20,000 161
Page 1:
CHILDREN OUT OF SCHOOL IN AMERICA A
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Copyright If.> October 1974 by the
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People Who Worked Oft This Report .
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Portland, Maine CDF staff Cambridge
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Foreword Introduction Chapter 1 Cha
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CHAPTER 1 Table I CHAPTER 2 Table I
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community leaders concerned with ed
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dren were suspended. The next highe
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described in this report, they can
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needed to improve and unify state c
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Bureaucratic Excuses for Inaction Y
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problems. Are teachers encouraged o
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Who Are the Children Out of School?
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vary. But while many of them descri
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Maxine, 14 Maxine Dolan is 14 and h
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until the new school year. Meanwhil
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awake until morning when the sounds
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He's had his chances, foreign or no
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Theresa, 12 Theresa Engler, a 12-ye
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34 Table I Children Not Enrolled! B
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Proportion of Minority Children 2 T
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Social and Economic Factors Poor ch
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Limitations of Census Data Our anal
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We found children out of school in
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.". 0\ Table VIII Chlldren Out of S
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VI o Table X All Children Out uf Sc
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Total % of Areas Surveyed Children
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Chapter 3 Barriers to School Attend
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TABLE I STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONA
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ter the four months because the cou
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Truancy Laws penalizing children an
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A Denver school official stated: "Y
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officers who spoke Spanish, and onl
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The principal of Lincoln Junior Hig
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For example, as of October, 1972, i
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think there is enough counseling, e
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fees required to take, for example,
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did not have books were not much of
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Consider what this would mean if yo
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no money to feed and care for all o
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Apparently a judgment has been made
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ecome self-sufficient adults are th
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In Cambridee, Massachusetts, an att
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Inadequacy of Special Education Pro
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over again for four or five years.
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Janice has not been suspended this
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ased. 56 They are modeled and norme
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chusetts counselor pointed out that
Page 128 and 129: that the city does not experiment w
Page 130 and 131: 1. The use of many kinds of people
Page 132 and 133: abuse laws of the state. However, t
Page 134 and 135: 116
Page 137: Many districts still have the power
Page 140 and 141: In contrast to the majority of publ
Page 144 and 145: The same pattern of secondary suspe
Page 148: Racial Discrimination in the Use of
Page 152: One southern school official admitt
Page 158 and 159: tion of the limitation on numbers o
Page 161 and 162: hold hearings, the reaction was sho
Page 164: or programs that operate as alterna
Page 167 and 168: complaints to the federal Office fo
Page 169: APPENDICES
Page 172: • most children who are instituti
Page 175 and 176: as opposed to every second, third,
Page 177: . Census Tract 123 Census Tract 123
Page 181 and 182: -secondary school children by sex a
Page 184: 10. Are his special problems/needs
Page 187 and 188: Sheet E-l SCHOOL EXPULSIONS, SUSPEN
Page 189: Maine Portland Census Tract 11 I 1:
Page 197 and 198: ALABAMA State Officials Mr. William
Page 199 and 200: Mr. Milton Ogle, Associate Director
Page 202 and 203: Sumter County #2 School Officials D
Page 204 and 205: AppendixD STATE SCHOOL OFFlCIALS' R
Page 207 and 208: Los Angeles Unified School District
Page 209 and 210: AppendlxE u.s. CENSUS DATA Table I
Page 211: State Wisconsin Wyoming GRANO TOTAL
Page 214 and 215: AppendixE U.s. CENSUS DATA Table II
Page 217: .... \C 00 AppelldixE U.S. CENSUS D
Page 221: AppendixE u.s. CENSUS DATA Table II
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Appendix 6 RANK ORDERS OF AREAS IN
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AppendbH PERCENT OF HEADS OF HOUSEH
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State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkans
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State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkans
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AppendixM STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDUC
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Lee I 4,925 2,663 2,260 2 83 18 65
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Walker I 9,671 8,924 745 2 230 164
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Collins I 35 29 6 (82.4) (17.1 ) Co
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Junction City 1,003 584 419 (58.2)
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SI. Charles I 245 149 96 (60.8) (39
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AppendlxM STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDUC
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Appendix M STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDU
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App@ndblfl STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDU
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Appendix M STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDU
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South Pike Cons. I 2,575 893 1,677
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Clarendon #2 I 3,246 784 2,462 54 8
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Orangeburg #7 1,112 158 954 9 9 (14
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A. ppendi.'\: N SPECIAL EDUCATION I
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Learning Deaf!Hard Blind! Speech Ph
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Rhode Island Society for Autistic C
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Federal Court Consent Agreements; P
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Mr. Peter E. Holmes Director, Offic
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census figures and often did not ch
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pils who dropped out of this school
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SUGGESTED REFINEMENTS IN THE INDIVI
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I. Name of School System _ II. Name
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2 1 1 16 2 14 Cotton Plant 586 72 5
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1 1 5 4 1 Tuckerman 820 711 109 (1)
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Appelldlx R OCR DATA ON STUDENT SUS
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APPENDIXR FOOTNOTES I Unless noted
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36There were 1,763 students, suspen
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Total Students Suspended At Least O
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APPENDIX T TABLES I-II FOOTNOTES IS
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Kentucky Floyd County Total I 2 0.5
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AppendixT SUSPENSIONS IN CD" SURVEY
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Kentucky Floyd County Total Mud Cre
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Appendix T SUSPENSIONS IN CDF SURVE
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Appenllb V STATUTORY PROVISIONS FOR
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Massachusetts I Official None -Misc
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itppe",db V STATUTORY PROVISIONS FO
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Bureau is interested primarily in d
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could be collected centrally at the
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