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levels. We asked for recommendations from individuals familiar with state and local situations in various places. We inquired of local organizations whether they could supply supportive resources -facilities and/or people power-to assist us. And we entered into a formal arrangement with the Southeastern Public Education Program (SEPEP) staff of the American Friends Service Committee under which they agreed to conduct the survey in four southern states where they have extensive activities. As a result of our study of Census data and consultation, we selected counties, towns and cities in nine states and the District of Columbia in which to conduct our survey. After deciding on general areas to visit, we drew up lists of local people who had extensive knowledge of persons and relevant issues in neighborhoods in the areas selected. They recommended specific Census tracts in urban areas (after we had identified a larger target group of Census tracts based on various characteristics in the Census data) or subdivisions in rural areas to survey. We also asked them to provide us with background information about the educational, economic, governmental, political, and sociological environment of the area. As a result of these inquiries, we chose 30 areas to survey: Alabama Autauga County Beat 10 Montgomery Census Tract 3 Northgate Housing Project Colorado Denver Georgia 156 Census Tract 1.01 Census Tract 8 Census Tract 41.01 Hancock County Georgia Militia Districts 102 and 113 Macon Census Tract 127 Iowa Davenport Census Tract 107 Census Tract 123 Kentucky Floyd County Mud Creek Area Maine Portland Census Tract 11 Census Tract 12 Census Tract 19 Bayside East Housing Project Riverton Housing Project Massachusetts Cambridge Census Tract 3524 Census Tract 3527 Holyoke Census Tract 8114 New Bedford Census Tract 6510 Census Tract 6526 Somerville Census Tract 3512 Springfield Census Tract 8008 Census Tract 8018 Mississippi Canton Joe Prichard Homes Housing Project South Carolina Columbia Census Tract 5 Census Tract 22 Sumter County Precinct 2 Precincts 1 and 26B Washington, D.C. Census Tract 74.04 Monitors visited at least every fourth household. The decision on whether to survey every household
as opposed to every second, third, or fourth, was based on the total number of households in the area selected. Sampling was done consistently within Census tracts and political subdivisions, but differently among them. Households where there was no answer or 'a refusal to answer were noted and tabulated. When a monitor found no one home at the designated household, the monitor visited the preceding household in the count. (In a few areas, the next household was visited.) The count always resumed from the original household whether or not an interview was obtained at the preceding (or next) household. If there was no answer at the designated household and the household preceding it, the monitor noted this and continued on with the original count from the designated household. Monitors did not go back (or forward) more than one household before the designated household. All interviewing was done between July 1973 and March 1974. In analyzing the data we collected, the school year 1972-1973 (both semesters) always was examined. However, in some places interviewing was done a month or more after the 1973-1974 school year had begun. In those places, the analysis covered up to a three semester time period. We calculated children out of school by IWO different measures: I) children who missed three or more consecutive months of school, and 2) children who missed 45 days of school, whether or not it was consecutive. The survey analysis period for these two measures included 1972-73 and that portion of the first semester that had passed. Our calculations on suspension were done on this same two- and sometimes three-semester basis. Below is a brief description of each specific place we monitored. ALABAMA 1. Autauga County-Beat 10 While parts of Autauga County are developing into a "bedroom community" suburb of Montgomery, other parts are sparsely populated and isolated. APSC staff selected such a rural portion of Autauga County, political Beat 10, to survey. Beat 10 consists of tiny communities, some all white and others all black, plus individual black and white families scattered randomly throughout hills and hollows. Just as randomly situated are well-to-do and poor families. APSC staff members monitored every household during the three-week period following July 23, 1973. 2. Montgomery a. Census Tract 3 In Montgomery we wanted to survey a Census tract with low-income families, both black and white. Census Tract 3, according to 1970 Census data, is 65 percent black, has a high percentage (39 percent) of families below the poverty level, and contains over 1,000 persons under 18. Most black families in Census Tract 3 live in New Town, the most delapidated neighborhood in Montgomery, with open ditches, abandoned cars, and condemned and burned-out houses lining its streets. Most white families live in Chisholm, a "blue collar" enclave north of New Town. Some streets house retired couples next to poor, young families, and others house upwardly mobile and middle-income families. Construction of an interstate highway through the area has resulted in the abandonment of many shanties since 1970. Monitoring was done by the APSC staff from the middle to the end of January 1974. Every second household was interviewed. b. Northgate Housing Project Many black families who have left New Town in Census Tract 3, especially since 1970, have moved into the federally subsidized Northgate Housing Project in adjacent Census Tract 4. All of its residents in 100 units are black. Though constructed less than five years ago, the exteriors of its twostory units are run-down, there is no landscaping, virtually no grass, and no playground equipment. Here again, monitoring was handled by the APSC staff during the latter part of January 1974. Every second household was included in the survey. COLORADO Denver a. Census Tract 1.01 CDF wanted to survey white children living in a "blue collar" lower middle income area in a large western city. Census Tract 1.01 in north central Denver is such an area. The 1970 Census shows Census Tract 1.01 to be one-tenth of a percent black, with fewer than 400 "persons of Spanish language" (Mexican-Americans are presently begin- 157
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CHILDREN OUT OF SCHOOL IN AMERICA A
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Copyright If.> October 1974 by the
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People Who Worked Oft This Report .
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Portland, Maine CDF staff Cambridge
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Foreword Introduction Chapter 1 Cha
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CHAPTER 1 Table I CHAPTER 2 Table I
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community leaders concerned with ed
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dren were suspended. The next highe
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described in this report, they can
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needed to improve and unify state c
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Bureaucratic Excuses for Inaction Y
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problems. Are teachers encouraged o
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Who Are the Children Out of School?
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vary. But while many of them descri
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Maxine, 14 Maxine Dolan is 14 and h
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until the new school year. Meanwhil
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awake until morning when the sounds
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He's had his chances, foreign or no
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Theresa, 12 Theresa Engler, a 12-ye
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34 Table I Children Not Enrolled! B
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Proportion of Minority Children 2 T
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Social and Economic Factors Poor ch
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Limitations of Census Data Our anal
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We found children out of school in
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.". 0\ Table VIII Chlldren Out of S
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VI o Table X All Children Out uf Sc
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Total % of Areas Surveyed Children
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Chapter 3 Barriers to School Attend
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TABLE I STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONA
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ter the four months because the cou
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Truancy Laws penalizing children an
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A Denver school official stated: "Y
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officers who spoke Spanish, and onl
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The principal of Lincoln Junior Hig
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For example, as of October, 1972, i
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think there is enough counseling, e
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fees required to take, for example,
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did not have books were not much of
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Consider what this would mean if yo
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no money to feed and care for all o
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Apparently a judgment has been made
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ecome self-sufficient adults are th
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In Cambridee, Massachusetts, an att
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Inadequacy of Special Education Pro
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over again for four or five years.
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Janice has not been suspended this
Page 123 and 124: ased. 56 They are modeled and norme
Page 125: chusetts counselor pointed out that
Page 128 and 129: that the city does not experiment w
Page 130 and 131: 1. The use of many kinds of people
Page 132 and 133: abuse laws of the state. However, t
Page 134 and 135: 116
Page 137: Many districts still have the power
Page 140 and 141: In contrast to the majority of publ
Page 144 and 145: The same pattern of secondary suspe
Page 148: Racial Discrimination in the Use of
Page 152: One southern school official admitt
Page 158 and 159: tion of the limitation on numbers o
Page 161 and 162: hold hearings, the reaction was sho
Page 164: or programs that operate as alterna
Page 167 and 168: complaints to the federal Office fo
Page 169: APPENDICES
Page 172: • most children who are instituti
Page 177 and 178: . Census Tract 123 Census Tract 123
Page 179 and 180: newal. Every third household was mo
Page 181 and 182: -secondary school children by sex a
Page 184: 10. Are his special problems/needs
Page 187 and 188: Sheet E-l SCHOOL EXPULSIONS, SUSPEN
Page 189: Maine Portland Census Tract 11 I 1:
Page 197 and 198: ALABAMA State Officials Mr. William
Page 199 and 200: Mr. Milton Ogle, Associate Director
Page 202 and 203: Sumter County #2 School Officials D
Page 204 and 205: AppendixD STATE SCHOOL OFFlCIALS' R
Page 207 and 208: Los Angeles Unified School District
Page 209 and 210: AppendlxE u.s. CENSUS DATA Table I
Page 211: State Wisconsin Wyoming GRANO TOTAL
Page 214 and 215: AppendixE U.s. CENSUS DATA Table II
Page 217: .... \C 00 AppelldixE U.S. CENSUS D
Page 221: AppendixE u.s. CENSUS DATA Table II
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Appendix 6 RANK ORDERS OF AREAS IN
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AppendbH PERCENT OF HEADS OF HOUSEH
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State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkans
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State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkans
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AppendixM STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDUC
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Lee I 4,925 2,663 2,260 2 83 18 65
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Walker I 9,671 8,924 745 2 230 164
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Collins I 35 29 6 (82.4) (17.1 ) Co
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Junction City 1,003 584 419 (58.2)
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SI. Charles I 245 149 96 (60.8) (39
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AppendlxM STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDUC
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Appendix M STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDU
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App@ndblfl STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDU
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Appendix M STUDENTS ENROLLED IN EDU
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South Pike Cons. I 2,575 893 1,677
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Clarendon #2 I 3,246 784 2,462 54 8
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Orangeburg #7 1,112 158 954 9 9 (14
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A. ppendi.'\: N SPECIAL EDUCATION I
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Learning Deaf!Hard Blind! Speech Ph
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Rhode Island Society for Autistic C
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Federal Court Consent Agreements; P
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Mr. Peter E. Holmes Director, Offic
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census figures and often did not ch
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pils who dropped out of this school
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SUGGESTED REFINEMENTS IN THE INDIVI
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I. Name of School System _ II. Name
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2 1 1 16 2 14 Cotton Plant 586 72 5
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1 1 5 4 1 Tuckerman 820 711 109 (1)
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Appelldlx R OCR DATA ON STUDENT SUS
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APPENDIXR FOOTNOTES I Unless noted
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36There were 1,763 students, suspen
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Total Students Suspended At Least O
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APPENDIX T TABLES I-II FOOTNOTES IS
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Kentucky Floyd County Total I 2 0.5
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AppendixT SUSPENSIONS IN CD" SURVEY
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Kentucky Floyd County Total Mud Cre
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Appendix T SUSPENSIONS IN CDF SURVE
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Appenllb V STATUTORY PROVISIONS FOR
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Massachusetts I Official None -Misc
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itppe",db V STATUTORY PROVISIONS FO
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Bureau is interested primarily in d
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could be collected centrally at the
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