children out of school in america - University of Tennessee Digital ...
children out of school in america - University of Tennessee Digital ... children out of school in america - University of Tennessee Digital ...
For example, courts have accepted the use of a chi-square test, a statistical method by which discrimination is implied whenever the difference in any given sample is greater than that which would be expected on the basis of mere chance. 138 When there is less than a one in twenty probability that a given distribution would result by chance, the finding is deemed significant,139 In addition to adopting specific tests relying on minority-nonminority percentage comparisons as an indicator of discrimination, OCR should also devise adequate methods for uncovering more sophisticated modes of discrimination. For example, it may be that black or other minority students are brought within the disciplinary process more readily than white students, so that a behavior that would earn a white student a verbal rebuke would result in a black student being sent to the principal. Similar proportions of black and white students disciplined could hide the fact that black students are being disciplined for more trivial offenses than those committed by white students. An upper-middle class white child who steals is likely to be viewed as suffering from certain psychological problems and 150 therefore merits a psychiatrist; a lower-class black student who steals is more likely to be labeled a juvenile delinquent and suspended. Even if the threshold for entry into the disciplinary process is equal for all students, it is still altogether possible that the punishment for similar offenses is racially discriminatory so that minority students are suspended for ten days instead of the three days typically allotted more privileged students. Such a disparity could itself constitute prima facie evidence of discrimination. But such evidence does not readily emerge from data limited to gross rates of discipline. Thus, at the very least, suspension data must be broken down by length of suspension before one can rely solely on racially similar rates. In light of the glaring racial disproportion in suspension rates we have set forth from OCR data for five states and the districts in the CDF study, we recommend immediate action to conduct on-site reviews in a selected number of them which we will discuss with OCR immediately. We urge that the Congress provide sufficient funds to enable OCR to maintain an effective investigative staff to vindicate the promise of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
APPENDICES
- Page 118 and 119: over again for four or five years.
- Page 120: Janice has not been suspended this
- Page 123 and 124: ased. 56 They are modeled and norme
- Page 125: chusetts counselor pointed out that
- Page 128 and 129: that the city does not experiment w
- Page 130 and 131: 1. The use of many kinds of people
- Page 132 and 133: abuse laws of the state. However, t
- Page 134 and 135: 116
- Page 137: Many districts still have the power
- Page 140 and 141: In contrast to the majority of publ
- Page 144 and 145: The same pattern of secondary suspe
- Page 148: Racial Discrimination in the Use of
- Page 152: One southern school official admitt
- Page 158 and 159: tion of the limitation on numbers o
- Page 161 and 162: hold hearings, the reaction was sho
- Page 164: or programs that operate as alterna
- Page 167: complaints to the federal Office fo
- Page 172: • most children who are instituti
- Page 175 and 176: as opposed to every second, third,
- Page 177 and 178: . Census Tract 123 Census Tract 123
- Page 179 and 180: newal. Every third household was mo
- Page 181 and 182: -secondary school children by sex a
- Page 184: 10. Are his special problems/needs
- Page 187 and 188: Sheet E-l SCHOOL EXPULSIONS, SUSPEN
- Page 189: Maine Portland Census Tract 11 I 1:
- Page 197 and 198: ALABAMA State Officials Mr. William
- Page 199 and 200: Mr. Milton Ogle, Associate Director
- Page 202 and 203: Sumter County #2 School Officials D
- Page 204 and 205: AppendixD STATE SCHOOL OFFlCIALS' R
- Page 207 and 208: Los Angeles Unified School District
- Page 209 and 210: AppendlxE u.s. CENSUS DATA Table I
- Page 211: State Wisconsin Wyoming GRANO TOTAL
- Page 214 and 215: AppendixE U.s. CENSUS DATA Table II
- Page 217: .... \C 00 AppelldixE U.S. CENSUS D
APPENDICES
Change language