Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

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1. Environmental Effects Tsunami Disaster Overview Effects Consequences High sea waves Flooding and impact damage to buildings and crops, High winds scour land, salinate wells and standing water. 2. Patterns of Injury and Surgical Needs in Disasters Deaths exceed injuries. Low surgical needs within the first 72 hours. 3. Patterns of Disease Resulting from Disasters Actual Immediate Epidemiological Threat Secondary Epidemiological Threat None waterborne diseases (except cholera) vectorborne diseases 4. Immediate Social and Economic Consequences of Disasters Loss of housing Damage to infrastucture Loss of industrial production Disruption of communications Loss of business production Loss of crops 5. Effects of Natural Hazards On Land Structures Agriculture Trees Flooding Destroys or damages Localized destruction Loss of trees buildings, bridges, of crops, minor salt along shoreline Irrigation systems water contamination of soils, wells. 6. Response to Disasters (Ideal) Initial Response: By Local Authorities By Foreign Intervenors Search and rescue; medical assistance, Cash; assistance in clearing roads, disaster assessment. re-establishing communications, contact with remote areas; disaster assessment. Secondary Response: By Local Authorities By Foreign Intervenors Repair/reconstruction of infrastructure, Repair/reconstruction of housing, jobs; housing, public buildings; jobs; credit; credit; technical assistance; assistance to assistance agriculture, small business agriculture, small business and institutions. fisherman. 7. Appropriate Aid cash loans or credit short-term feeding (normal foods) agricultural assistance
Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Over a time span longer than human record, volcanoes have played a key role in forming and modifying the planet upon which we live. More than 80 percent of the earth’s surface—above and below sea level—is of volcanic origin. Gaseous emissions from volcanic vents over hundreds of millions of years formed the earth’s earliest oceans and atmosphere, which supplied the ingredients vital to evolve and sustain life. Over geologic eons, countless volcanic eruptions have produced mountains, plateaus, and plains, which subsequent erosion and weathering have sculpted into majestic landscapes or reduced to fertile soils. Ironically, these volcanic soils and inviting terrains have attracted, and continue to attract, people to live on the flanks of volcanoes. Thus, as population density increases in regions of active or potentially active volcanoes, an awareness of the hazards must increase so people will learn not to “crowd” the volcanoes. People living in the shadow of volcanoes must live in harmony with them, expecting and planning for periodic violent unleashings of their pent-up energy. 1 A volcano is a vent or chimney to the earth’s surface from a reservoir of molten matter, known as magma, in the depths of the crust of the earth. The material ejected through the vent frequently accumulates around the opening, building up a cone, called the volcanic edifice. The tallest mountains on earth are volcanic edifices. The term volcano includes both the vent and the accumulation (cone) around it. Volcanic eruptions vary between two extremes. In one, the lava rises more or less quietly to the surface and overflows the lip of the crater. The gases bubble through the lava and escape undramatically, or, in some instances, rush out with sufficient force to form lava fountains hundreds of meters in height. Nevertheless, the lava is not disrupted but flows away as a river of lava, with little resulting damage except to objects in the path of its flow. On the other extreme, tremendous explosions occur in the chimney, and as the lava rises into zones of less pressure it “froths” and is ejected in the form of ash and pumice. Thus, in these volcanoes the molten rock never reaches the surface as a liquid (lava) but is disrupted and ejected as ash. The explosions are sometimes so severe that they disrupt the cone, frequently blowing away large sections of it and spreading the debris over the countryside. The essential difference in the two types is in the gas content and the manner in which the gas is released when the molten rock reaches the surface. Another factor is the chemical composition of the magma. The great majority of the volcanoes of the world are intermediate between the two extremes described, yielding both lavas and fragmental products. 2 Historical Volcanic Eruptions La Soufriere, St. Vincent Island, 1902, 1979 The volcano La Soufriere occupies the northern end of the island of St. Vincent, 140 kilometers (87 miles) to the south of Martinique in the Caribbean. The summit of La Soufriere, which rises 1,277 meters (4200 feet) above sea level, consists of two craters, the 1812 crater and the socalled “old” crater, immediately to the southwest, which was the site of the 1902 eruption.
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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This publication was prepared by th
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Introduction How to Get Started Thi
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eruption may be the saturation of a
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Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
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Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
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_____ 9. The transitional period an
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Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
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Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
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Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
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a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
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) two secondary responses handled b
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Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
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Page 41 and 42: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
Page 45 and 46: Type of Event Number of People Kill
Page 47 and 48: Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
Page 49 and 50: Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
Page 51 and 52: Effects of Disasters Each type of d
Page 53 and 54: take steps to prevent the disaster,
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
Page 57 and 58: Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes ap
Page 59 and 60: The different rates of travel betwe
Page 61 and 62: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
Page 63 and 64: Frequency of Earthquakes More than
Page 65 and 66: How an earthquake damages a house F
Page 67 and 68: Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
Page 69 and 70: of population from rural to urban a
Page 71 and 72: In all emergency activities it is o
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
Page 75 and 76: foundations by the water buoyancy.
Page 77 and 78: Impact on Natural and Built Environ
Page 79 and 80: Disaster Mitigation The most system
Page 81: - for tsunamis of local origin, pot
Page 85 and 86: production of sugar and cattle. Bec
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Page 89 and 90: then cool as thin, gently dipping s
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Page 93 and 94: then recognized, but today an incre
Page 95 and 96: Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
Page 97 and 98: 1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
Page 99 and 100: Altogether the combined disaster of
Page 101 and 102: force caused by the earth’s rotat
Page 103 and 104: An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
Page 105 and 106: The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
Page 107 and 108: measures as have to be devised and
Page 109 and 110: Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
Page 111 and 112: a set of activities in anticipation
Page 113 and 114: and buildings will affect the veloc
Page 115 and 116: How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
Page 117 and 118: • developing an effective forecas
Page 119 and 120: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 121 and 122: 1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
Page 123 and 124: also by human changes to the surfac
Page 125 and 126: The most noted floods are associate
Page 127 and 128: Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
Page 129 and 130: Seasonality —Inundation of land d
Page 131 and 132: • Since Landsat images are taken
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The second step in vulnerability re
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100-year flood, since this frequenc
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• Publish a master plan report wi
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• Blankets can be useful, but if
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Initial Response By Local Authoriti
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Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
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Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
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In addition to the droughts in the
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The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
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• priority be given to developing
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land aware of the issues. Planning
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The importance of responding to the
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Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
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Region Estimates of Populations and
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1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
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Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
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eluctance to cut back on stock numb
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effect. Finer materials are lifted
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such measures involve the disruptio
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
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Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
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Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
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uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
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Related Disasters Description of Ph
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exploitable timber available per pe
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implementation. But essential as th
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Analogue modeling — the applicati
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Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
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organizations (public and private),
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Fault — a planar or gently curved
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Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
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Malnutrition — the condition of s
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Precipitation — in meteorology, w
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— S — Sand dune stabilization
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Telemetry — the use of communicat
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Vulnerability — the extent to whi
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International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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