Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

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Environmental Effects Patterns of Injury Surgical Needs Patterns of Disease Immediate Social and Economic Consequences Impacts and Effects of Tsunamis Flooding and impact damage from giant waves destroy or damage buildings, bridges, irrigation systems; localized destruction of crops; scours land; salinates wells and standing water, destroys trees along shoreline. Deaths exceed injuries. Low, needed during first 72 hours. No actual immediate epidemiological threat. Loss of housing Loss of industrial production Loss of business production Loss of crops Damage to infrastructure Disruption of communications Damage to ships in harbor and fishing fleet Table 3.1
Disaster Mitigation The most systematic measures to protect coastal areas against tsunamis have been taken in Japan, the country in which the largest number of people live in areas liable to tsunami attack. The measures have consisted of the seawall construction along low-lying coastal stretches, breakwater construction at the entrances to bays and harbors, and the planting of pine tree belts. Although they do not afford protection against flooding, belts of pine trees can play in important role by ridding the tsunami of some of its energy and by acting as a filter for solid objects carried by the tsunami, thus reducing its destructive power. To be effective they must be at least 200 meters (655 feet) broad (perpendicular to the coast). They should be planted with dense undergrowth in addition to the trees themselves. The town of Yoshihima, Japan, which was completely destroyed by a tsunami in 1896, is now protected by a sea-wall some 800 meters (2,600 feet) long and six meters (120 feet) high. This proved effective against the Chilean tsunami of May 1960 which, being of distant origin, produced waves of long period, but there is some doubt as to whether it would provide complete protection against a tsunami of local origin. It is obvious that large engineering works are extremely costly. They can be undertaken only when the value of the property to be protected and the frequency of occurrence of tsunamis are sufficiently high to justify them on economic grounds. In most exposed coastal areas, there is little hope of providing effective protection to property. All that can be done is to ensure that loss of life is reduced to a minimum by the timely evacuation of people from areas liable to flooding by tsunamis. Civil defense authorities must therefore prepare detailed plans for the rapid evacuation of people to high ground, or far enough inland to be out of danger. This requires the ready cooperation of the population. It is obvious that timely and reliable warnings of approaching tsunamis are an indispensable element of any such evacuation procedures. 6 Disaster Preparedness The only permanent tsunami warning system in operation at the present time is that operated for the entire Pacific basin by the United States National Weather Service, based at the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. Since 1965, it has operated under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, which in 1966 set up an “International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific.” As of March 1975, this group comprised the following countries: Canada, Chile, China, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand, the United States and the Soviet Union. A tsunami originates in or near the epicentral area of the earthquake that creates it. It travels outward in all directions from this epicenter at a speed that depends on depths. In the deep ocean, the speed may exceed 1000 kilometers per hour; thus, the need for rapid data handling and communication becomes obvious. Because of the time spent in collecting seismic and tidal data, the warnings issued by the Honolulu Warning Center cannot protect areas against tsunamis generated in adjacent waters. To provide some measure of protection against local tsunamis in the first hour after generation, regional warning systems have been established in some areas.
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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This publication was prepared by th
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Introduction How to Get Started Thi
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eruption may be the saturation of a
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Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
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Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
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_____ 9. The transitional period an
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Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
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Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
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Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
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a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
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Lesson 5 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
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) two secondary responses handled b
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Page 29 and 30: Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
Page 31 and 32: ) often easier than implementing th
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Page 35 and 36: Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
Page 37 and 38: 10. One method holding great promis
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Page 41 and 42: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
Page 45 and 46: Type of Event Number of People Kill
Page 47 and 48: Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
Page 49 and 50: Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
Page 51 and 52: Effects of Disasters Each type of d
Page 53 and 54: take steps to prevent the disaster,
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
Page 57 and 58: Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes ap
Page 59 and 60: The different rates of travel betwe
Page 61 and 62: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
Page 63 and 64: Frequency of Earthquakes More than
Page 65 and 66: How an earthquake damages a house F
Page 67 and 68: Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
Page 69 and 70: of population from rural to urban a
Page 71 and 72: In all emergency activities it is o
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
Page 75 and 76: foundations by the water buoyancy.
Page 77: Impact on Natural and Built Environ
Page 81 and 82: - for tsunamis of local origin, pot
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
Page 85 and 86: production of sugar and cattle. Bec
Page 87 and 88: lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
Page 89 and 90: then cool as thin, gently dipping s
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Page 93 and 94: then recognized, but today an incre
Page 95 and 96: Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
Page 97 and 98: 1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
Page 99 and 100: Altogether the combined disaster of
Page 101 and 102: force caused by the earth’s rotat
Page 103 and 104: An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
Page 105 and 106: The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
Page 107 and 108: measures as have to be devised and
Page 109 and 110: Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
Page 111 and 112: a set of activities in anticipation
Page 113 and 114: and buildings will affect the veloc
Page 115 and 116: How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
Page 117 and 118: • developing an effective forecas
Page 119 and 120: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 121 and 122: 1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
Page 123 and 124: also by human changes to the surfac
Page 125 and 126: The most noted floods are associate
Page 127 and 128: Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
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Seasonality —Inundation of land d
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• Since Landsat images are taken
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The second step in vulnerability re
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100-year flood, since this frequenc
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• Publish a master plan report wi
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• Blankets can be useful, but if
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Initial Response By Local Authoriti
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Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
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Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
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In addition to the droughts in the
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The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
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• priority be given to developing
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land aware of the issues. Planning
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The importance of responding to the
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Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
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Region Estimates of Populations and
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1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
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Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
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eluctance to cut back on stock numb
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effect. Finer materials are lifted
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such measures involve the disruptio
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
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Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
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Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
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uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
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Related Disasters Description of Ph
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exploitable timber available per pe
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implementation. But essential as th
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Analogue modeling — the applicati
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Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
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organizations (public and private),
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Fault — a planar or gently curved
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Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
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Malnutrition — the condition of s
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Precipitation — in meteorology, w
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— S — Sand dune stabilization
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Telemetry — the use of communicat
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Vulnerability — the extent to whi
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International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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