Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...
Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ... Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...
1. Environmental Effects Earthquake Disaster Overview Effects Consequences Tremors Damage buildings, dams; can cause avalanches; Liquifaction collapse to underground structures. Ground failure Landslides; settlement. Ground rupture (horizontal displacement) Offset streams, roads, bridges. Tsunamis Flooding, damage to buildings and crops. . Buildings on surface sink into soil 2. Patterns of Injury and Surgical Needs in Disasters Deaths exceed injuries. High surgical needs within the first 72 hours. 3. Patterns of Disease Resulting from Disasters Actual Immediate Epidemiological Threat Secondary Epidemiological Threat None None 4. Immediate Social and Economic Consequences of Disasters Loss of housing Damage to infrastucture Loss of industrial production Disruption of marketing systems Loss of business production Disruption of transport Looting 5. Effects of Natural Hazards On Land Structures Agriculture Trees fissures damages buildings, roads, etc. none none landslides bury buildings, block rivers, etc minor crop loss minor timber loss liquifaction collapses damages buildings none none underground caves, etc. 6. Response to Disasters (Ideal) Initial Response: By Local Authorities By Foreign Intervenors Search and rescue; medical assistance, Cash; assistance in clearing roads, disaster assessment. re-establishing communications, contact with remote areas; disaster assessment. Secondary Response: By Local Authorities By Foreign Intervenors Repair/reconstruction of infrastructure, Repair/reconstruction of housing, jobs; housing, public buildings; jobs; credit; credit; technical assistance; assistance to assistance to business small business and institutions. . 7. Appropriate Aid cash blankets short-term feeding (normal foods) loans or credit surgical aid
Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural Disaster and the Development Process, for the U.S. OFDA, July 1982. 2 Ibid. 3 Geological Hazards, by Bolt, Horn, MacDonald and Scott, published by Springer-Verlag, New York, Revised 2nd Edition, 1977. 4 Gilbert White, Editor, Natural Hazards Local, National, Global, reference from chapter “Global Summary of Human Response to Natural Hazards: Earthquakes,” by Thomas C. Nichols, Jr., Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 277. 5 Bryce Walker, Planet Earth: Earthquake, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1982, p. 92. 6 Louis C. Parker, Earthquakes, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981-341-618:59, p. 15. 7 UNDRO, Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: A Compendium of Current Knowledge, Vol. 3: Seismological Aspects, UNDRO, 1978, p. 13-14. 8 Frederick C. Cuny, Disasters and Development, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983, p. 26. 11 UNDRO, pp. 39-42. 12 Mombasa Peace Corps/AID Conference Briefing Papers on “Disasters and Development,” p. 95. 13 Ibid. p. 95-96. 14 INTERTECT, The Potential Contribution of Peace Corps to Disaster Preparedness in Africa, INTERTECT, Dallas, Texas, 1983, p. 98. 15 Ibid., p. 98. 16 Ibid., p. 99-101. References Building Research Establishment, Building in Earthquake Areas, Overseas Building Notes No. 143, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, 1972. Ian Burton, Environment as Hazard, Kates, Cuny, Frederick C., Disasters and Development, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983 Daldy, A.F., Small Buildings in Earthquake Areas, Building Research Establishment, Watford, 1975. Davis, Ian, Shelter After Disaster, Oxford Polytechnic Press, U.K., 1978. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: A Compendium of Current Knowledge, Vol. 3: Seismological Aspects, UNDRO, 1978, Earthscan, Natural Disasters: Earthscan Press Briefing Document No. 39, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, 1984. Funaro-Curtis, Rita, Natural Disaster and the Development Process, for the U.S.OFDA., July 1982. Geological Hazards, by Bolt, Horn, MacDonald and Scott, published by Springer-Verlag, New York, Revised 2nd Edition, 1977. Gersony, R., T. Jackson and J. Froman, A Contrastive Analysis of Alternative Reconstruction Models after the February 1976 Guatemalan Earthquake, available from INTERTECT, Dallas, Texas, 1977. Glass, Roger I., Juan J. Urrutia et al, “Earthquake Injuries Related to Housing in a Guatemalan Village”, Science, Vol. 197, August 12, 1977, p. 638-643. INTERTECT, The Potential Contribution of Peace Corps to Disaster Preparedness in Africa, INTERTECT, Dallas, Texas, 1983. Mombassa Peace Corps/AID Conference Briefing Papers on “Disasters and Development.” PADCO, Inc., Transition Housing for Victims of Disasters, Disaster Assistance Manual Vol. I, Office of Housing and Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., 1981. Parker, Louis C., Earthquakes, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981-341-618:59. Reps, W.F. and E. Simiu, Editors, Design, Siting and Construction of Low-Cost Housing and Community Buildings to Better Withstand Earthquakes and Windstorms, Building Science Series No. 48, National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1974. Shelter After Disaster, Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator, New York, 1982. Walker, Bryce, Planet Earth: Earthquake, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1982. White, Gilbert, Editor, Natural Hazards Local, National, Global, reference from chapter “Global Summary of Human Response to Natural Hazards: Earthquakes”, by Thomas C. Nichols, Jr., Oxford University Press, 1974.
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Notes<br />
1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Development Process, for the U.S. OFDA, July 1982.<br />
2 Ibid.<br />
3 Geological <strong>Hazards</strong>, by Bolt, Horn, MacDonald <strong>and</strong> Scott, published by Springer-Verlag, New York, Revised 2nd Edition,<br />
1977.<br />
4 Gilbert White, Editor, <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Hazards</strong> Local, National, Global, reference from chapter “Global Summary of Human<br />
Response to <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Hazards</strong>: Earthquakes,” by Thomas C. Nichols, Jr., Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 277.<br />
5 Bryce Walker, Planet Earth: Earthquake, Time-Life Books, Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, Virginia, 1982, p. 92.<br />
6 Louis C. Parker, Earthquakes, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981-341-618:59, p. 15.<br />
7 UNDRO, <strong>Disaster</strong> Prevention <strong>and</strong> Mitigation: A Compendium of Current Knowledge, Vol. 3: Seismological Aspects,<br />
UNDRO, 1978, p. 13-14.<br />
8 Frederick C. Cuny, <strong>Disaster</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Development, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983, p. 26.<br />
11 UNDRO, pp. 39-42.<br />
12 Mombasa Peace Corps/AID Conference Briefing Papers on “<strong>Disaster</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Development,” p. 95.<br />
13 Ibid. p. 95-96.<br />
14 INTERTECT, The Potential Contribution of Peace Corps to <strong>Disaster</strong> Preparedness in Africa, INTERTECT, Dallas, Texas,<br />
1983, p. 98.<br />
15 Ibid., p. 98.<br />
16 Ibid., p. 99-101.<br />
References<br />
Building Research Establishment, Building in Earthquake Areas, Overseas Building Notes No. 143, Building Research<br />
Establishment, Garston, Watford, 1972.<br />
Ian Burton, Environment as Hazard, Kates,<br />
Cuny, Frederick C., <strong>Disaster</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Development, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983<br />
Daldy, A.F., Small Buildings in Earthquake Areas, Building Research Establishment, Watford, 1975.<br />
Davis, Ian, Shelter After <strong>Disaster</strong>, Oxford Polytechnic Press, U.K., 1978.<br />
<strong>Disaster</strong> Prevention <strong>and</strong> Mitigation: A Compendium of Current Knowledge, Vol. 3: Seismological Aspects, UNDRO, 1978,<br />
Earthscan, <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong>s: Earthscan Press Briefing Document No. 39, International Institute for Environment <strong>and</strong><br />
Development, London, 1984.<br />
Funaro-Curtis, Rita, <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Development Process, for the U.S.OFDA., July 1982.<br />
Geological <strong>Hazards</strong>, by Bolt, Horn, MacDonald <strong>and</strong> Scott, published by Springer-Verlag, New York, Revised 2nd Edition, 1977.<br />
Gersony, R., T. Jackson <strong>and</strong> J. Froman, A Contrastive Analysis of Alternative Reconstruction Models after the February 1976<br />
Guatemalan Earthquake, available from INTERTECT, Dallas, Texas, 1977.<br />
Glass, Roger I., Juan J. Urrutia et al, “Earthquake Injuries Related to Housing in a Guatemalan Village”, Science, Vol. 197, August<br />
12, 1977, p. 638-643.<br />
INTERTECT, The Potential Contribution of Peace Corps to <strong>Disaster</strong> Preparedness in Africa, INTERTECT, Dallas, Texas,<br />
1983.<br />
Mombassa Peace Corps/AID Conference Briefing Papers on “<strong>Disaster</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Development.”<br />
PADCO, Inc., Transition Housing for Victims of <strong>Disaster</strong>s, <strong>Disaster</strong> Assistance Manual Vol. I, Office of Housing <strong>and</strong> Office of<br />
U.S. Foreign <strong>Disaster</strong> Assistance, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., 1981.<br />
Parker, Louis C., Earthquakes, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981-341-618:59.<br />
Reps, W.F. <strong>and</strong> E. Simiu, Editors, Design, Siting <strong>and</strong> Construction of Low-Cost Housing <strong>and</strong> Community Buildings to Better<br />
Withst<strong>and</strong> Earthquakes <strong>and</strong> Windstorms, Building Science Series No. 48, National Bureau of St<strong>and</strong>ards, U. S. Dept. of<br />
Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1974.<br />
Shelter After <strong>Disaster</strong>, Office of the United Nations <strong>Disaster</strong> Relief Coordinator, New York, 1982.<br />
Walker, Bryce, Planet Earth: Earthquake, Time-Life Books, Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, Virginia, 1982.<br />
White, Gilbert, Editor, <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Hazards</strong> Local, National, Global, reference from chapter “Global Summary of Human Response to<br />
<strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Hazards</strong>: Earthquakes”, by Thomas C. Nichols, Jr., Oxford University Press, 1974.