Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

a deteriorating deficit situation that showed no signs of improving. The country’s balance of payments also registered an unprecedented deficit that continued to grow. The dramatic increase in economic growth rates during the period is somewhat deceiving. This was due in large part to dynamism in construction, but this was construction to replace and rebuild. 2 Chimbote, Peru, May 31, 1970 On May 31, 1970, about 25 kilometers (16 miles) west of the coast city of Chimbote, Peru, occurred an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.75. In an area of 75,000 square kilometers (about 30,000 square miles) in west-central Peru there were more than 50,000 deaths, and 50,000 injuries. Roughly 200,000 homes and buildings were destroyed and 800,000 people were left homeless. Within the region affected by the earthquake, roughly 100,000 square kilometers (40,000 square miles), numerous villages were almost totally demolished. A large proportion of the people were killed in a secondary effect of the earthquake. At least 18,000 people were buried beneath the great rock avalanche from Mt. Huascaran that covered the towns of Ranrahirca and most of Yungay. The avalanche amounted to 50,000,000 or more cubic meters of rock and snow, ice and soil, traveling 15 kilometers (9 miles) from the mountain to the town of Yungay with an estimated speed of 320 kilometers per hour (200 miles per hour). Ridges as high a 140 meters (460 feet) were overridden and boulders weighing several tons were projected 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) beyond the avalanche margins. A most graphic eyewitness account of the Huascaran avalanche was later given by Senor Mateo Casaverde, a Peruvian geophysicist. “As we drove past the cemetery in Yungay the car began to shake. It was not until I had stopped the car that I realized that we were experiencing an earthquake. We immediately got out of the car and observed the effects of the earthquake around us. I saw several homes as well as a small bridge crossing a creek near Cemetery Hill collapse. After about one-half minute the earthquake shaking began to subside. At that time I heard a great roar coming from Huascaran. Looking up, I saw what appeared to be a cloud of dust and it looked as though a large mass of rock and ice was breaking loose from the north peak. My immediate reaction was to run for the high ground of Cemetery Hill 200 meters (700 feet) away. I began running and noticed that there were many others in Yungay who were also running toward Cemetery Hill. “The crest of the wave had a curl, like a huge breaker coming in from the ocean. I estimated the wave to be at least 80 meters (260 feet) high. I reached the upper level of the cemetery just as the debris flow struck the base of the hill and I was probably only 10 seconds ahead of it.” 3 Geographical Distribution Fig. 2.1 shows that the majority of earthquakes occur in the seismically active Pacific basin forming a belt around the region, along the Sundra arc, and as a diffuse band through the mountain ranges of Asia and Europe also referred to as the Mediterranean and Trans-
Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes appear to follow tectonic boundaries. These will be explained below. Although most earthquakes occur within the well-defined earthquake zones, there have been notable exceptions in the past, i.e., the New Madrid (1811) and Charleston (1886) earthquakes in the United States, the Agadir earthquake (1960) in Morocco, the Koyna earthquake (1967) in India, and others. 4 Figure 2.1 Major Seismic Belts of the World Source: USGS
Page 1 and 2:
Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
Page 3 and 4:
This publication was prepared by th
Page 5 and 6: Introduction How to Get Started Thi
Page 7 and 8: eruption may be the saturation of a
Page 9 and 10: Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
Page 11 and 12: Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
Page 13 and 14: _____ 9. The transitional period an
Page 15 and 16: Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
Page 17 and 18: Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
Page 19 and 20: Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
Page 21 and 22: a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
Page 25 and 26: ) two secondary responses handled b
Page 29 and 30: Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
Page 31 and 32: ) often easier than implementing th
Page 35 and 36: Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
Page 37 and 38: 10. One method holding great promis
Page 39 and 40: Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
Page 41 and 42: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
Page 45 and 46: Type of Event Number of People Kill
Page 47 and 48: Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
Page 49 and 50: Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
Page 51 and 52: Effects of Disasters Each type of d
Page 53 and 54: take steps to prevent the disaster,
Page 55: Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
Page 59 and 60: The different rates of travel betwe
Page 61 and 62: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
Page 63 and 64: Frequency of Earthquakes More than
Page 65 and 66: How an earthquake damages a house F
Page 67 and 68: Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
Page 69 and 70: of population from rural to urban a
Page 71 and 72: In all emergency activities it is o
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
Page 75 and 76: foundations by the water buoyancy.
Page 77 and 78: Impact on Natural and Built Environ
Page 79 and 80: Disaster Mitigation The most system
Page 81 and 82: - for tsunamis of local origin, pot
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
Page 85 and 86: production of sugar and cattle. Bec
Page 87 and 88: lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
Page 89 and 90: then cool as thin, gently dipping s
Page 91 and 92: drains, causing flooding during sub
Page 93 and 94: then recognized, but today an incre
Page 95 and 96: Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
Page 97 and 98: 1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
Page 99 and 100: Altogether the combined disaster of
Page 101 and 102: force caused by the earth’s rotat
Page 103 and 104: An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
Page 105 and 106: The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
Page 107 and 108:
measures as have to be devised and
Page 109 and 110:
Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
Page 111 and 112:
a set of activities in anticipation
Page 113 and 114:
and buildings will affect the veloc
Page 115 and 116:
How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
Page 117 and 118:
• developing an effective forecas
Page 119 and 120:
Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 121 and 122:
1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
Page 123 and 124:
also by human changes to the surfac
Page 125 and 126:
The most noted floods are associate
Page 127 and 128:
Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
Page 129 and 130:
Seasonality —Inundation of land d
Page 131 and 132:
• Since Landsat images are taken
Page 133 and 134:
The second step in vulnerability re
Page 135 and 136:
100-year flood, since this frequenc
Page 137 and 138:
• Publish a master plan report wi
Page 139 and 140:
• Blankets can be useful, but if
Page 141 and 142:
Initial Response By Local Authoriti
Page 143 and 144:
Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 145 and 146:
Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
Page 147 and 148:
In addition to the droughts in the
Page 149 and 150:
The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
Page 151 and 152:
• priority be given to developing
Page 153 and 154:
land aware of the issues. Planning
Page 155 and 156:
The importance of responding to the
Page 157 and 158:
Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
Page 159 and 160:
Region Estimates of Populations and
Page 161 and 162:
1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
Page 163 and 164:
Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
Page 165 and 166:
eluctance to cut back on stock numb
Page 167 and 168:
effect. Finer materials are lifted
Page 169 and 170:
such measures involve the disruptio
Page 171 and 172:
Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
Page 173 and 174:
Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
Page 175 and 176:
Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
Page 177 and 178:
uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
Page 179 and 180:
Related Disasters Description of Ph
Page 181 and 182:
exploitable timber available per pe
Page 183 and 184:
implementation. But essential as th
Page 185 and 186:
Analogue modeling — the applicati
Page 187 and 188:
Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
Page 189 and 190:
organizations (public and private),
Page 191 and 192:
Fault — a planar or gently curved
Page 193 and 194:
Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
Page 195 and 196:
Malnutrition — the condition of s
Page 197 and 198:
Precipitation — in meteorology, w
Page 199 and 200:
— S — Sand dune stabilization
Page 201 and 202:
Telemetry — the use of communicat
Page 203 and 204:
Vulnerability — the extent to whi
Page 205 and 206:
International Society on Disaster M
Page 207 and 208:
University of Colorado Natural Haza
Page 209:
Disaster Management Center Universi
show all

Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?