Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

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Disaster – related Activities Pre-disaster Activities Disaster Prevention Disaster Mitigation Disaster Preparedness Emergency Response Warning (beginning before the actual event) Post-disaster activities Evacuation / Rescue Emergency Assistance (food, shelter, medical) Transitional Period Repair Structure and lifelines Reclaim and clear land Resume services\ Reconstruction Period Replace buildings Restore services Revitalize economy Restore agriculture Table 1.1 Disaster-related Activities
Effects of Disasters Each type of disaster can have a number of disruptive effects. These in turn cause generally predictable problems and needs of four kinds: environmental; health; social, economic, and political; and administrative and managerial. Environmental Effects Disasters can have any number or combination of four effects: destruction and damage to homes and buildings; decreased quantity or quality of water supplies; destruction of crops and/or food stocks; and the presence of unburied human bodies or animal carcasses. These environmental effects vary considerably from disaster to disaster. For example, earthquakes affect buildings but usually not crops, while tropical cyclones may affect both. 9 Closely related to the environmental effects is the impact that disasters have on land tenure and values. These effects also vary with the disaster type; for example, land values after earthquakes will go up in zones that were not heavily damaged, but land values go down in zones of active volcanoes. Effects on Health Sudden natural disasters are often believed to cause not only widespread death but also massive social disruption and outbreaks of epidemic disease and famine, leaving survivors entirely dependent on outside relief. Systematic observation of the effects of disaster on human health has led to rather different conclusions, both about the effects of disaster on health and about the most effective ways of providing relief. Though all disasters are unique in that they affect areas with differing social, medical, and economic backgrounds, there are still similari ies between disasters that, if recognized, can optimize the management of health relief and use of resources. The following points may be noted: • There is a relationship between the type of disaster and its effect on health. This is particularly true of the immediate impact in causing injuries: earthquakes regularly cause many injuries requiring medical care, while floods, storm surges and seismic sea waves cause relatively few. • Some effects are a potential rather than an inevitable threat to health. For example, population movement and other environmental changes may lead to increased risk of disease transmission, although epidemics generally do not result from disasters. • The actual and potential health risks after disaster do not all occur at the same time. Instead, they tend to arise at different times and to vary in importance within a disaster-affected area. Thus, casualties occur mainly at the time and place of impact and require immediate medical care. The risks of increased disease transmission take longer to develop and are greatest where there is crowding and reduced standards of sanitation. • Disaster-created needs for food, shelter, and primary health care are usually not total. Even displaced persons often salvage some of the basic necessities of life. Further, people generally recover quickly from their immediate shock and spontaneously engage in search and rescue, transport of the injured, and other private relief activities. 10
Page 1 and 2: Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
Page 3 and 4: This publication was prepared by th
Page 5 and 6: Introduction How to Get Started Thi
Page 7 and 8: eruption may be the saturation of a
Page 9 and 10: Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
Page 11 and 12: Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
Page 13 and 14: _____ 9. The transitional period an
Page 15 and 16: Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
Page 17 and 18: Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
Page 19 and 20: Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
Page 21 and 22: a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
Page 25 and 26: ) two secondary responses handled b
Page 29 and 30: Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
Page 31 and 32: ) often easier than implementing th
Page 35 and 36: Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
Page 37 and 38: 10. One method holding great promis
Page 39 and 40: Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
Page 41 and 42: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
Page 45 and 46: Type of Event Number of People Kill
Page 47 and 48: Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
Page 49: Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
Page 53 and 54: take steps to prevent the disaster,
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
Page 57 and 58: Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes ap
Page 59 and 60: The different rates of travel betwe
Page 61 and 62: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
Page 63 and 64: Frequency of Earthquakes More than
Page 65 and 66: How an earthquake damages a house F
Page 67 and 68: Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
Page 69 and 70: of population from rural to urban a
Page 71 and 72: In all emergency activities it is o
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
Page 75 and 76: foundations by the water buoyancy.
Page 77 and 78: Impact on Natural and Built Environ
Page 79 and 80: Disaster Mitigation The most system
Page 81 and 82: - for tsunamis of local origin, pot
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
Page 85 and 86: production of sugar and cattle. Bec
Page 87 and 88: lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
Page 89 and 90: then cool as thin, gently dipping s
Page 91 and 92: drains, causing flooding during sub
Page 93 and 94: then recognized, but today an incre
Page 95 and 96: Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
Page 97 and 98: 1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
Page 99 and 100: Altogether the combined disaster of
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force caused by the earth’s rotat
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An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
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The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
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measures as have to be devised and
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Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
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a set of activities in anticipation
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and buildings will affect the veloc
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How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
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• developing an effective forecas
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Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
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1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
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also by human changes to the surfac
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The most noted floods are associate
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Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
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Seasonality —Inundation of land d
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• Since Landsat images are taken
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The second step in vulnerability re
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100-year flood, since this frequenc
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• Publish a master plan report wi
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• Blankets can be useful, but if
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Initial Response By Local Authoriti
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Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
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Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
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In addition to the droughts in the
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The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
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• priority be given to developing
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land aware of the issues. Planning
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The importance of responding to the
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Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
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Region Estimates of Populations and
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1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
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Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
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eluctance to cut back on stock numb
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effect. Finer materials are lifted
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such measures involve the disruptio
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
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Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
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Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
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uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
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Related Disasters Description of Ph
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exploitable timber available per pe
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implementation. But essential as th
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Analogue modeling — the applicati
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Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
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organizations (public and private),
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Fault — a planar or gently curved
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Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
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Malnutrition — the condition of s
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Precipitation — in meteorology, w
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— S — Sand dune stabilization
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Telemetry — the use of communicat
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Vulnerability — the extent to whi
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International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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