Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

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Learning Objectives • Define the concept of desertification. • Locate the zones of desertification in the world. • Describe natural desertification. • Identify human land-use patterns that encourage desertification. • Explain how desertification threatens humans. • Identify the conditions for desertification that will have an impact on human settlements or nomadic inhabitants. • List the secondary effects of desertification. • Describe the sequence of a typical desertification at a given location. • Identify land-management practices that mitigate against desertification. • Prove the value of desertification prediction. • Assess the impact of desertification upon a country’s development. • Describe the role of government in desertification prevention. • A volunteer can practice a variety of measures to reduce and prevent desertification. • List these measures. Learning Activities • Read Chapter 8 in the text. • Study Figure 8.1. • Review Appendix I. Evaluation Complete the self-assessment test.
Lesson 8 - Self-Assessment Test Multiple Choice Circle the best answer(s): 1. Two of the four primary areas of desertification are: a) Asia and the Atlantic b) The Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Basin c) the Kalihari Desert and the Gobi Desert d) the Mediterranean Basin and sub- Saharan Africa e) southwestern United States and western Russia 2. The real problem in the desertification of the southern edge of the Sahara is: a) severe drought b) naturally ocurring thermodynamics of climate c) an overgrowth of livestock d) a wood shortage e) erosion 3. An area’s susceptibility to desertification is: a) a function of climatic cycles b) a function of land-use pressure c) a function of the soil-water energy use d) the result of inadequate irrigation systems e) a function of atmospheric heating 4. Scanty vegetation found in arid regions: a) provides protection for the surface of the ground b) provides no protection for the surface of the ground c) has little attraction for grazing livestock d) always consists of species with short life cycles e) is made up of perennial ephemerals 5. Nomadic herding of several kinds of animals is an example of: a) an outdated way of life b) a traditional system that lightens the grazing load c) a lack of flexibility in dealing with desertification d) a highly specialized ecosystem e) a system that adapts well to deepwell technology 6. Indirect large-scale climatic changes upon an arid region are: a) less destructive than human-made upsetting of the soil-water balance b) more destructive than human-made upsetting of the soil-water balance c) certain to follow a two to four year cycle d) a way to introduce stress that will desertify the area e) undesirable since they upset the ecosystem 7. The first step in desertification of rangelands is: a) thinning of vegetation due to grazing b) severe drought c) an increase in edible perennial plants d) water runoff due to sun-hardened soil e) an increase in groundwater level due to runoff 8. Desertification in areas of farming begins on: a) land exposed to overgrazing b) land exposed to soil stripping and gully extension c) original ground cover exposed to accelerated wind erosion d) land with the original land cover removed e) redoposited silts that are susceptible to wind erosion 9. A primary need for early warning of desertification is: a) a comprehensive study of land-use regulations
Page 1 and 2: Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
Page 3 and 4: This publication was prepared by th
Page 5 and 6: Introduction How to Get Started Thi
Page 7 and 8: eruption may be the saturation of a
Page 9 and 10: Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
Page 11 and 12: Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
Page 13 and 14: _____ 9. The transitional period an
Page 15 and 16: Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
Page 17 and 18: Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
Page 19 and 20: Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
Page 21 and 22: a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
Page 25 and 26: ) two secondary responses handled b
Page 29 and 30: Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
Page 31: ) often easier than implementing th
Page 35 and 36: Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
Page 37 and 38: 10. One method holding great promis
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Page 41 and 42: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
Page 45 and 46: Type of Event Number of People Kill
Page 47 and 48: Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
Page 49 and 50: Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
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Page 53 and 54: take steps to prevent the disaster,
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
Page 57 and 58: Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes ap
Page 59 and 60: The different rates of travel betwe
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Page 67 and 68: Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
Page 69 and 70: of population from rural to urban a
Page 71 and 72: In all emergency activities it is o
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
Page 75 and 76: foundations by the water buoyancy.
Page 77 and 78: Impact on Natural and Built Environ
Page 79 and 80: Disaster Mitigation The most system
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Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
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production of sugar and cattle. Bec
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lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
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then cool as thin, gently dipping s
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drains, causing flooding during sub
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then recognized, but today an incre
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Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
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1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
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Altogether the combined disaster of
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force caused by the earth’s rotat
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An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
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The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
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measures as have to be devised and
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Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
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a set of activities in anticipation
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and buildings will affect the veloc
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How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
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• developing an effective forecas
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Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
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1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
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also by human changes to the surfac
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The most noted floods are associate
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Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
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Seasonality —Inundation of land d
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• Since Landsat images are taken
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The second step in vulnerability re
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100-year flood, since this frequenc
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• Publish a master plan report wi
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• Blankets can be useful, but if
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Initial Response By Local Authoriti
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Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
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Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
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In addition to the droughts in the
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The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
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• priority be given to developing
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land aware of the issues. Planning
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The importance of responding to the
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Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
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Region Estimates of Populations and
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1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
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Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
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eluctance to cut back on stock numb
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effect. Finer materials are lifted
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such measures involve the disruptio
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
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Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
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Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
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uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
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Related Disasters Description of Ph
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exploitable timber available per pe
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implementation. But essential as th
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Analogue modeling — the applicati
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Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
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organizations (public and private),
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Fault — a planar or gently curved
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Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
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Malnutrition — the condition of s
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Precipitation — in meteorology, w
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— S — Sand dune stabilization
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Telemetry — the use of communicat
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Vulnerability — the extent to whi
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International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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