Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

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1. Environmental Effects Drought Disaster Overview Effects Consequences Reduced cloud cover; increased daytime Dramatic reduction of surface water; severe crop temperatures;increased evaporation rates losses; soil erosion Increasing likelihood of dust and sandstorms Food shortages; increased hunger and malnutrition Losses to livestock Population shifts and migration 2. Patterns of Injury and Surgical Needs in Disasters Few or no surgical needs. 3. Patterns of Disease Resulting from Disasters Actual Immediate Epidemiological Threat Secondary Epidemiological Threat Malnutrition Malnutrition increases susceptibility to all diseases, but particularly measles, diarrhea. 4. Immediate Social and Economic Consequences of Disasters Short-term migrations Long-term migration Loss of crops 5. Effects of Natural Hazards On Land Structures Agriculture Trees Dry soils No major damage Kills crops Kills some trees Windstorms Minor damage Erodes topsoil Minor damage Desertification No major damage Covers farmland Kills trees, increases with sand shrub growth 6. Response to Disasters (Ideal) Initial Response: By Local Authorities By Foreign Intervenors Medical, nutritional services, water (on site if Medical, nutritional services, water (on site if possible); epidemiological surveillance possible); epidemiological surveillance Secondary Response: Re-establishment of agricultural sector (loans, Re-establishment of agricultural sector (loans, seeds, farm equipment, animals); seeds, farm equipment, animals); technical assistance, nutritional surveillance technical assistance, nutritional surveillance 7. Appropriate Aid cash immunizations short- and long-term food aid (normal foods) intensive feeding medical supplies loans or credit agricultural assistance
Chapter 8 Desertification Introduction and Definition Although deserts are not without life, they can be viewed as areas with extremely limited agricultural potential. Deserts occur in a variety of types, hot and cold, stony and sandy, but all are characterized by rainfall deficiencies so marked that cultivation or stock-rearing are possible only with special adaptations, as, for example, by the development of irrigation. Desertification, as the extension or intensification of desert conditions, involves a decline in the productivity of the land. Desertification, especially in developing countries, worsens conditions of poverty, brings malnutrition and disease, erodes the basis of the national economy and then brings deterioration of social services already hampered by remoteness and lack of funds. All this affects the ability of dryland communities to respond to succeeding droughts, each of which would then tend to advance further the deterioration of living standards, which represents the human aspect of desertification. Desertification, as part of the cycle of agriculturally good and bad years, is a slow-onset disaster. Signs of its approach are in evidence well before the situation becomes catastrophic. Desertification arises from the interaction between a difficult, unreliable and sensitive dryland environment and the human use and occupation of it in an effort to make a living. For this reason people who live in susceptible areas must learn how to live and work in harmony with the constant threat of desertification. If desertification were allowed to develop uncontrolled, almost the entire population of the earth’s drylands could be said to face eventual risk. These drylands contain between 600 and 700 million people, and in terms of broad areas and livelihood systems their numbers are as shown in Table 8.1. 1 The number of people immediately threatened, their general location and livelihood systems, are shown in Table 8.2. 2 Of the 78 million people threatened, about a third may be in a position, because of high income or other advantages, to avoid the worst consequences of desertification. This still leaves about 50 million people who are immediately menaced through the destruction of their livelihoods. These people face the grim prospect of uprooting themselves from everything familiar and migrating to other areas frequently ill-equipped to receive them. Historical Examples The Sahara In Arabic sahra means “desert.” Sahara is plural. Indeed, the Sahara is not one but many deserts. It contains half the desert surface of the world. In the past 65 million years the borders of the Sahara have expanded and retreated many times. Oak and cedar trees once grew in the Saharan highlands, and rock paintings portray abundant wildlife. But about 3000 B.C. the current drying trend began setting in, and humans, relative newcomers to north Africa, had to contend with desertification of the worst degree.
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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This publication was prepared by th
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Introduction How to Get Started Thi
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eruption may be the saturation of a
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Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
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Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
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_____ 9. The transitional period an
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Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
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Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
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Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
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a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
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) two secondary responses handled b
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Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
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) often easier than implementing th
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Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
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10. One method holding great promis
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
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Type of Event Number of People Kill
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Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
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Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
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Effects of Disasters Each type of d
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take steps to prevent the disaster,
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Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
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Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes ap
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The different rates of travel betwe
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Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
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Frequency of Earthquakes More than
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How an earthquake damages a house F
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Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
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of population from rural to urban a
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In all emergency activities it is o
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Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
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foundations by the water buoyancy.
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Impact on Natural and Built Environ
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Disaster Mitigation The most system
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- for tsunamis of local origin, pot
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Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
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production of sugar and cattle. Bec
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lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
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then cool as thin, gently dipping s
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drains, causing flooding during sub
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then recognized, but today an incre
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Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
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1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
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Altogether the combined disaster of
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force caused by the earth’s rotat
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An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
Page 105 and 106: The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
Page 107 and 108: measures as have to be devised and
Page 109 and 110: Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
Page 111 and 112: a set of activities in anticipation
Page 113 and 114: and buildings will affect the veloc
Page 115 and 116: How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
Page 117 and 118: • developing an effective forecas
Page 119 and 120: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 121 and 122: 1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
Page 123 and 124: also by human changes to the surfac
Page 125 and 126: The most noted floods are associate
Page 127 and 128: Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
Page 129 and 130: Seasonality —Inundation of land d
Page 131 and 132: • Since Landsat images are taken
Page 133 and 134: The second step in vulnerability re
Page 135 and 136: 100-year flood, since this frequenc
Page 137 and 138: • Publish a master plan report wi
Page 139 and 140: • Blankets can be useful, but if
Page 141 and 142: Initial Response By Local Authoriti
Page 143 and 144: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
Page 147 and 148: In addition to the droughts in the
Page 149 and 150: The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
Page 151 and 152: • priority be given to developing
Page 153 and 154: land aware of the issues. Planning
Page 155: The importance of responding to the
Page 159 and 160: Region Estimates of Populations and
Page 161 and 162: 1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
Page 163 and 164: Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
Page 165 and 166: eluctance to cut back on stock numb
Page 167 and 168: effect. Finer materials are lifted
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Page 171 and 172: Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
Page 173 and 174: Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
Page 177 and 178: uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
Page 179 and 180: Related Disasters Description of Ph
Page 181 and 182: exploitable timber available per pe
Page 183 and 184: implementation. But essential as th
Page 185 and 186: Analogue modeling — the applicati
Page 187 and 188: Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
Page 189 and 190: organizations (public and private),
Page 191 and 192: Fault — a planar or gently curved
Page 193 and 194: Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
Page 195 and 196: Malnutrition — the condition of s
Page 197 and 198: Precipitation — in meteorology, w
Page 199 and 200: — S — Sand dune stabilization
Page 201 and 202: Telemetry — the use of communicat
Page 203 and 204: Vulnerability — the extent to whi
Page 205 and 206: International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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