Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

Human activities also contribute to the development of drought conditions. Overgrazing, poor
cropping methods and improper soil conservation techniques often contribute to creating the
drought. (See Fig. 7.1.)
Recurrence Interval
Climatologists debate whether drought is a short-term aberration in the climate or the result of
long-term climatic changes. Some argue that drought feeds upon itself; that as vegetation is
stripped from the land, the surface dries out and reflects more of the sun’s heat. This would
alter the thermal dynamics of the atmosphere and suppress rainfall, which would, in turn, dry out
more land. This process is discussed in the chapter on desertification.
Historically, droughts have tended to occur at regular intervals. Many scientists have noted that
in areas where long-term droughts have been prevalent, surges of dry periods apparently occur
at relatively predictable intervals. With this in mind, climatologists are seeking to compile
historical records of drought so that drought forecasting can be made more accurate.
Whether precisely predictable or not, the historical trends can give an indication as to when
drought periods might be expected. For this reason, it is important that persons living in
marginal or semiarid areas try to learn about the history of drought in a particular region and use
this knowledge as a rule of thumb in predicting future drought periods. 5
Impact of Droughts on Built and Natural Environments
The effects of droughts can be divided according to the primary or immediate effects, and the
secondary or resulting effects.
Primary Effects
Primary effects of drought result from a lack of water. As a dry period progresses and water
supplies dwindle, existing water supplies are overtaxed and finally dry up. The primary losses
are loss of crops, loss of livestock and other animals, and loss of water for hygienic use and
drinking.
Secondary Effects of Drought
The secondary effects of drought follow and result from the primary effects. As water supplies
dwindle and crops and fodder are depleted, families begin to migrate in search of better grazing
lands for their herds or move to the cities to seek jobs and alternative sources of income. If the
dwindling supplies of food are not replaced, famine can occur, further accelerating the migration
out of the stricken areas to less affected zones. The migration may, in itself, contribute to
spreading the scope of the disaster, especially if grazing animals are moved with the people.
If drought is long term, it may result in permanent changes of settlement, social, and living
patterns. For example, before the 1968 drought, 65 percent of Mauritania’s population were
nomads. By 1976 that figure was down to 36 percent. The town of Nouakchott grew from
12,300 in 1964 to approximately 135,000 20 years later.
Secondary effects of droughts also include major ecological changes, such as increased scrub
growth, increased flash flooding and increased wind erosion of soils. Of these, desertification is
the most concern.