Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

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Lesson 2 - Earthquakes Study Guide Overview This lesson describes how earthquakes occur and identifies their geographical distribution. It gives the naturally occurring preconditions that create an earthquake disaster. Earthquake effects, forecasting, measuring and historical examples of disasters are also described. You will learn the appropriate steps in earthquake disaster preparation and mitigation, and you will consider post-disaster activities. The lesson also demonstrates how the study of previous disasters builds our knowledge for developing effective disaster programs. Learning Objectives • Locate the zones of high seismic activity in the world. • Explain the principles of plate tectonics. • Define earthquake magnitude and intensity and how they are measured. • Identify conditions that permit earthquakes to be destructive to human settlements. List the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes. • Describe the best type of building construction in an earthquake zone and how to achieve proper construction. • Justify the need for earthquake prediction and its current effectiveness. • Relate lessons learned from past earthquakes. • List and explain earthquake mitigation and preparation measures in the order of their effectiveness. • Outline emergency response activities using your area as the disaster area. Learning Activities • Read Chapter 2 in the text. • Study Earthquake Disaster Overview. • Review Appendix I. Evaluation Complete the self-assessment test.
Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. The basis for the theory of continental drift is: a) plate tectonics b) pressure building up within the earth's crust c) the earth's land area once was a single mass d) divergent rifts between continental land masses e) shear borders existing between continental plates 2. A rope snapped like a whip is an example of: a) P wave b) L wave c) S wave d) plate tectonics e) the amplitude pattern of an earthquake as shown on the Richter scale 3. The two separate shocks produced by an earthquake are: a) caused by the different rates of travel between the P and S waves b) called the destructive shock and the aftershock c) the primary cause of the high death rate associated with severe earthquakes d) an indication of the location of its focus e) an indication of its severity 4. Intensity is a measure of: a) human experience during an earthquake as measured on the Richter scale b) energy released during an earthquake as measured on the Mercalli scale c) human experience during an earthquake as measured on the Mercalli scale d) energy released during an earthquake as measured on the Richter scale e) none of the above 5. The majority of lives lost in an earthquake are caused by: a) floods b) landslides c) fire d) disease e) building collapse 6. During an earthquake the walls of buildings without lateral bracing: a) create a whiplash effect b) fall outward c) fall inward d) remain standing e) vibrate in an S curve 7. A house most vulnerable to an earthquake would typically be: a) built of flimsy wood materials b) built of heavy materials without frame reinforcement c) built of heavy materials without a solid foundation d) built with a weak roof and weak walls e) built of concrete or mud
Page 1 and 2: Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
Page 3 and 4: This publication was prepared by th
Page 5 and 6: Introduction How to Get Started Thi
Page 7 and 8: eruption may be the saturation of a
Page 9 and 10: Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
Page 11 and 12: Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
Page 13: _____ 9. The transitional period an
Page 17 and 18: Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
Page 19 and 20: Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
Page 21 and 22: a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
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Page 25 and 26: ) two secondary responses handled b
Page 29 and 30: Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
Page 31 and 32: ) often easier than implementing th
Page 35 and 36: Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
Page 37 and 38: 10. One method holding great promis
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Page 41 and 42: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
Page 45 and 46: Type of Event Number of People Kill
Page 47 and 48: Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
Page 49 and 50: Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
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Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
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Page 59 and 60: The different rates of travel betwe
Page 61 and 62: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
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How an earthquake damages a house F
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Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
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of population from rural to urban a
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In all emergency activities it is o
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Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
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foundations by the water buoyancy.
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Impact on Natural and Built Environ
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Disaster Mitigation The most system
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- for tsunamis of local origin, pot
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Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
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production of sugar and cattle. Bec
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lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
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then cool as thin, gently dipping s
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drains, causing flooding during sub
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then recognized, but today an incre
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Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
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1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
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Altogether the combined disaster of
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force caused by the earth’s rotat
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An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
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The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
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measures as have to be devised and
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Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
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a set of activities in anticipation
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and buildings will affect the veloc
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How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
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• developing an effective forecas
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Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
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1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
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also by human changes to the surfac
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The most noted floods are associate
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Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
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Seasonality —Inundation of land d
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• Since Landsat images are taken
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The second step in vulnerability re
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100-year flood, since this frequenc
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• Publish a master plan report wi
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• Blankets can be useful, but if
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Initial Response By Local Authoriti
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Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
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Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
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In addition to the droughts in the
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The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
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• priority be given to developing
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land aware of the issues. Planning
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The importance of responding to the
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Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
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Region Estimates of Populations and
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1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
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Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
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eluctance to cut back on stock numb
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effect. Finer materials are lifted
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such measures involve the disruptio
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
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Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
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Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
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uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
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Related Disasters Description of Ph
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exploitable timber available per pe
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implementation. But essential as th
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Analogue modeling — the applicati
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Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
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organizations (public and private),
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Fault — a planar or gently curved
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Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
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Malnutrition — the condition of s
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Precipitation — in meteorology, w
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— S — Sand dune stabilization
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Telemetry — the use of communicat
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Vulnerability — the extent to whi
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International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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