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• Assistance by outsiders is most effective in the reconstruction period, not the emergency phase. • Most needs are met by the victims themselves or their local governments. • In general, victims do not respond to disasters with abnormal behavior. Cyclones do not incite panic, hysteria or rioting. • Cyclone relief and reconstruction programs should be integrated with long-term development programs. • When properly executed, reconstruction assistance can provide a strong stimulus to recovery and a base for future development work. • Reconstruction programs should seek to reduce vulnerability to future disaster. • Re-establishment of the local economy, income security and agriculture are usually more important to cyclone victims than material assistance. • Churches, schools and other large buildings that are often designated as cyclone shelters are usually not safe. The number of deaths attributed to destroyed or flooded shelters is alarming. Most experts agree that the best alternative is adequate warning and evacuation of the threatened areas.
Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Contributions of Peace Corps to Disaster Preparedness in Africa, INTERTECT, Dallas, 1983, p. 104. 2 OFDA Case Study Reports. 3 Ibid. 4 Review of the Priority Subject Area: Natural Disaster, United Nations Environment Program, Report of the Executive Director, 1977 - UNEP Report No. 3. 5 A.B.C. Whipple and the Editors of Time-Life Books, Planet Earth: Storm, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1982, p. 84. 6 Ibid. p. 87. 7 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1977, National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina, 1978, p. 25. 8 UNDRO, Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: A Compendium of Current Knowledge, Vol. 4, Meteorological Aspects, UNDRO, 1978. 9 Ann U. White, “Global Summary of Human Response to Natural Hazards: Tropical Cyclone,” in Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global, Gilbert White, Editor, Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 258. 10 Ibid. 11 UNDRO, Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: A Compendium of Current Knowledge, Vol. 4, Meteorological Aspects, 1978. 12 Gilbert White, et al, Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global p. 261. 13 Ibid. 14 INTERTECT, Briefing Papers Prepared for Conference Held at Suva, Fiji, by PIDP, 1983, p. 4-7. 15 INTERTECT, Briefing Papers, p. 28-32. References Cuny, Frederick C., Disasters and Development, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: A Compendium of Current Knowledge, Vol. 4, Meteorological Aspects, Office of the U.N. Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO), 1978. INTERTECT, Briefing Papers Prepared for Conference Held at Suva, Fiji, by PIDP, 1983. INTERTECT, The Potential Contributions of Peace Corps to Disaster Preparedness in Africa, INTERTECT, Dallas, Texas, 1983. INTERTECT, What is a Cyclone, Dallas, Texas, 1978. League of Red Cross Societies, World Meteorological Organization and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 1977. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1977, National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina, 1978. OFDA Case Study Reports.
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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This publication was prepared by th
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Introduction How to Get Started Thi
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eruption may be the saturation of a
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Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
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Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
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_____ 9. The transitional period an
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Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
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Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
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Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
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a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
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) two secondary responses handled b
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Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
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) often easier than implementing th
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Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
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10. One method holding great promis
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
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Type of Event Number of People Kill
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Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
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Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
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Effects of Disasters Each type of d
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take steps to prevent the disaster,
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Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
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Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes ap
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The different rates of travel betwe
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Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
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Frequency of Earthquakes More than
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How an earthquake damages a house F
Page 67 and 68: Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
Page 69 and 70: of population from rural to urban a
Page 71 and 72: In all emergency activities it is o
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
Page 75 and 76: foundations by the water buoyancy.
Page 77 and 78: Impact on Natural and Built Environ
Page 79 and 80: Disaster Mitigation The most system
Page 81 and 82: - for tsunamis of local origin, pot
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
Page 85 and 86: production of sugar and cattle. Bec
Page 87 and 88: lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
Page 89 and 90: then cool as thin, gently dipping s
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Page 93 and 94: then recognized, but today an incre
Page 95 and 96: Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
Page 97 and 98: 1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
Page 99 and 100: Altogether the combined disaster of
Page 101 and 102: force caused by the earth’s rotat
Page 103 and 104: An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
Page 105 and 106: The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
Page 107 and 108: measures as have to be devised and
Page 109 and 110: Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
Page 111 and 112: a set of activities in anticipation
Page 113 and 114: and buildings will affect the veloc
Page 115 and 116: How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
Page 117: • developing an effective forecas
Page 121 and 122: 1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
Page 123 and 124: also by human changes to the surfac
Page 125 and 126: The most noted floods are associate
Page 127 and 128: Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
Page 129 and 130: Seasonality —Inundation of land d
Page 131 and 132: • Since Landsat images are taken
Page 133 and 134: The second step in vulnerability re
Page 135 and 136: 100-year flood, since this frequenc
Page 137 and 138: • Publish a master plan report wi
Page 139 and 140: • Blankets can be useful, but if
Page 141 and 142: Initial Response By Local Authoriti
Page 143 and 144: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
Page 147 and 148: In addition to the droughts in the
Page 149 and 150: The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
Page 151 and 152: • priority be given to developing
Page 153 and 154: land aware of the issues. Planning
Page 155 and 156: The importance of responding to the
Page 157 and 158: Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
Page 159 and 160: Region Estimates of Populations and
Page 161 and 162: 1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
Page 163 and 164: Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
Page 165 and 166: eluctance to cut back on stock numb
Page 167 and 168: effect. Finer materials are lifted
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such measures involve the disruptio
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
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Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
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Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
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uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
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Related Disasters Description of Ph
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exploitable timber available per pe
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implementation. But essential as th
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Analogue modeling — the applicati
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Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
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organizations (public and private),
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Fault — a planar or gently curved
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Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
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Malnutrition — the condition of s
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Precipitation — in meteorology, w
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— S — Sand dune stabilization
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Telemetry — the use of communicat
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Vulnerability — the extent to whi
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International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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