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social and economic change will determine to a greater or lesser extent what regulated uses are to be recommended. Other needs or pressures are frequently so overwhelming that land-use policies for disaster prevention/mitigation are given little weight. Growth of population and land shortages have tended to push the poor further and further to marginal land such as ravines, steep slopes, or even riverbeds. Disaster prevention and mitigation controls may conflict with other interests such as employment and income opportunities. For example, rapid urbanization in many developing countries has produced large concentrations of urban squatters who have settled on unoccupied land (both public and private) in unattractive or undesirable locations, including marshes and the low-lying land exposed to periodic or seasonal flooding, but where they are close to employment opportunities and services. Squatter settlements in low-lying flood-prone areas are often caused by the high cost of suitable alternative locations and the extremely high per capita costs of new infrastructure and services. Traditional and transitional economic systems are highly sensitive to regulation, and the economic costs (measured by employment or employment growth losses) of uprooting, relocating or inhibiting development can be very high. Land-use controls that do not respond to the economic forces they attempt to channel will be less effective. The cost of policing a body of unpopular or unworkable (for the poor) rules and regulations may exceed the capacity of the government. Land-use policies must be supported by corresponding social and economic policies. Thus the reservation of new urban land for housing, especially where low-income families are concerned, should be linked to transportation and employment opportunities, education and other social services. Building Regulations Building codes establish minimum standards of design, construction and materials in order to avoid structural collapse. But like formal land-use controls, strict building regulations are unrealistic (and almost always unenforceable) for the majority of homes that typically receive no engineering input and are made from locally available, inexpensive materials. A workable alternative to rigid building codes are more flexible building performance standards. Establishment of these policies and standards should be based on the degree to which a certain level of performance is desired. For example, it is probably not cost-effective (nor technically feasible) to build every house so that it is completely disaster-proof; yet it is possible to ensure that all houses have an increased level of safety. A primary objective of the standards, therefore, would be to encourage the development of more disaster-resistant houses (i.e., with a substantially increased level of safety) rather than to require that all houses be built to a very high engineering standard. This means that any type or size of house may be built, and any material may be used to build a house—whatever is appropriate to the economic situation of a homeowner—as long as the final structure is cyclone resistant and as long as it does not endanger the lives or property of neighbors or passersby. Various economic, land and construction incentives have been tried, with varying degrees of effectiveness in reducing vulnerability. Fiscal and financial incentives can be used to encourage proper, rational development in less vulnerable areas. They can also be used to avoid the undesirable location of infrastructure facilities, haphazard or irrational uses of land, overdeveloped land, and congestion of people and activities. Fiscal and financial incentives might
How High Winds Damage Buildings Wind blowing into a building is slowed at the wind-ward face creating high pressure. The air flow separates as it spills around the building creating low pressure or suction at end walls, roof, and leaward walls. The roof may lift off and the walls blow out without special reinforcement to the structure. Figure 5.5
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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This publication was prepared by th
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Introduction How to Get Started Thi
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eruption may be the saturation of a
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Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
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Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
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_____ 9. The transitional period an
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Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
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Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
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Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
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a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
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) two secondary responses handled b
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Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
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) often easier than implementing th
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Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
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10. One method holding great promis
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
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Type of Event Number of People Kill
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Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
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Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
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Effects of Disasters Each type of d
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take steps to prevent the disaster,
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Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
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Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes ap
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The different rates of travel betwe
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Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
Page 63 and 64: Frequency of Earthquakes More than
Page 65 and 66: How an earthquake damages a house F
Page 67 and 68: Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
Page 69 and 70: of population from rural to urban a
Page 71 and 72: In all emergency activities it is o
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
Page 75 and 76: foundations by the water buoyancy.
Page 77 and 78: Impact on Natural and Built Environ
Page 79 and 80: Disaster Mitigation The most system
Page 81 and 82: - for tsunamis of local origin, pot
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
Page 85 and 86: production of sugar and cattle. Bec
Page 87 and 88: lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
Page 89 and 90: then cool as thin, gently dipping s
Page 91 and 92: drains, causing flooding during sub
Page 93 and 94: then recognized, but today an incre
Page 95 and 96: Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
Page 97 and 98: 1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
Page 99 and 100: Altogether the combined disaster of
Page 101 and 102: force caused by the earth’s rotat
Page 103 and 104: An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
Page 105 and 106: The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scal
Page 107 and 108: measures as have to be devised and
Page 109 and 110: Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
Page 111 and 112: a set of activities in anticipation
Page 113: and buildings will affect the veloc
Page 117 and 118: • developing an effective forecas
Page 119 and 120: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 121 and 122: 1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
Page 123 and 124: also by human changes to the surfac
Page 125 and 126: The most noted floods are associate
Page 127 and 128: Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
Page 129 and 130: Seasonality —Inundation of land d
Page 131 and 132: • Since Landsat images are taken
Page 133 and 134: The second step in vulnerability re
Page 135 and 136: 100-year flood, since this frequenc
Page 137 and 138: • Publish a master plan report wi
Page 139 and 140: • Blankets can be useful, but if
Page 141 and 142: Initial Response By Local Authoriti
Page 143 and 144: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
Page 147 and 148: In addition to the droughts in the
Page 149 and 150: The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
Page 151 and 152: • priority be given to developing
Page 153 and 154: land aware of the issues. Planning
Page 155 and 156: The importance of responding to the
Page 157 and 158: Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
Page 159 and 160: Region Estimates of Populations and
Page 161 and 162: 1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
Page 163 and 164: Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
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eluctance to cut back on stock numb
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effect. Finer materials are lifted
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such measures involve the disruptio
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
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Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
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Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
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uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
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Related Disasters Description of Ph
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exploitable timber available per pe
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implementation. But essential as th
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Analogue modeling — the applicati
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Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
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organizations (public and private),
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Fault — a planar or gently curved
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Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
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Malnutrition — the condition of s
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Precipitation — in meteorology, w
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— S — Sand dune stabilization
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Telemetry — the use of communicat
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Vulnerability — the extent to whi
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International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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