Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects - Disaster Management Center ...

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Beaufort Number Wind Speed Seaman’s Term The Beaufort Scale Estimating Wind Speed Knots mph Effects observed at sea Effects observed on land 0 under 1 under 1 Calm 1 1-3 1-3 Light air 2 4-6 4-7 Light breeze 3 7-10 8-12 Gentle breeze 4 11-16 13-18 Moderate breeze 5 17-21 19-24 Fresh breeze 6 22-27 25-31 Strong breeze 7 28-33 32-38 Moderate gale 8 34-40 39-46 Fresh gale 9 41-47 47-54 Strong gale 10 48-55 55-63 Whole gale 11 56-63 64-72 Storm 12 64 or 73 or Hurricane higher higher Sea like mirror. Ripples with appearance of scales, no foam crests. Small wavelets, crests of glassy appearance, not breaking. Large wavelets, crests begin to break, scattered whitecaps. Small waves, becoming longer, numerous whitecaps. Moderate waves, taking longer to form, many whitecaps, some spray. Larger waves forming, whitecaps everywhere, more spray. Sea heaps up, white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks. Moderately high waves of greater length, edges of crests begin to break into spindrift, foam is blown in well marked streaks. High waves, sea begins to roll, dense streaks of foam, spray may reduce visibility. Very high waves with overhanging crests, sea takes white appearance as foam is blown in very dense streaks, rolling is heavy and visibility still more reduced. Exceptionally high waves, sea covered with white foam patches, visibility still more reduced. Air filled with foam, sea completely white with driving spray, visibility greatly reduced. Calm smoke rises vertically. Smoke drift indicates wind direction, vanes do not move. Wind felt on face, leaves rustle, vanes begin to move. Leaves small twigs in constant motion, light flags extended. Dust, leaves and loose paper raised up, small branches move. Small trees in leaf begin to sway. Larger branches of trees in motion, whistling heard in wires. Whole trees in motion, resistance felt in walking against wind. Twigs and small branches broken off trees, progress generally impeded. Slight structural damage occurs, slate blown from roofs. Seldom experienced on land. Trees broken or uprooted, considerable structural damage occurs. Very rarely experienced on land. Usually accompanied by widespread damage. Violence and destruction. Source: A.B.C. Whipple and the Editors of Time-Life Books, Planet Earth: Storm, page 51 Table 5.2
The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scale Scale No. 1: Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No real damage to other structures. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. And/or: storm surge 4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn from moorings. Scale No. 2: Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major damage to buildings. And/or: storm surge 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas required. Scale No. 3: Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. And/or: storm surge of 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Flat terrain 5 feet or less above sea level flooded inland 8 miles or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences within several blocks of shoreline possibly required. Scale No. 4: Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. And/or: storm surge 13 to 18 feet above normal. Flat terrain 10 feet or less above sea level flooded inland as far as 6 miles. Major damage to lower floors of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive evacuation of all residences within 500 yards of shore possibly required, and of single- story residences on low ground within 2 miles of shore. Scale No. 5: Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many residences and industrial buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and doors. Some complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. And/or storm surge greater than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level within 500 yards of shore. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Massive evacuation of all residential areas on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore possibly required. Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871– 1977, National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina, 1978, page 25. Table 5.3
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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This publication was prepared by th
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Introduction How to Get Started Thi
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eruption may be the saturation of a
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Course Objectives Lesson 1 Introduc
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Lesson 1 - Introduction to Natural
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_____ 9. The transitional period an
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Lesson 2 - Self-Assessment Test Mul
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Lesson 3 - Tsunamis Study Guide Ove
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Lesson 4 - Volcanoes Study Guide Ov
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a) frequency of tremors b) upward m
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) two secondary responses handled b
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Lesson 7 - Drought Study Guide Over
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) often easier than implementing th
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Lesson 9 - Deforestation Study Guid
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10. One method holding great promis
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Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural H
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Type of Event Number of People Kill
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Low-income Economy Afghanistan Bang
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Phases of a Disaster Disaster speci
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Effects of Disasters Each type of d
Page 53 and 54: take steps to prevent the disaster,
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 2 Earthquakes Introduction
Page 57 and 58: Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes ap
Page 59 and 60: The different rates of travel betwe
Page 61 and 62: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale o
Page 63 and 64: Frequency of Earthquakes More than
Page 65 and 66: How an earthquake damages a house F
Page 67 and 68: Rupture Zones and Epicenters in Cen
Page 69 and 70: of population from rural to urban a
Page 71 and 72: In all emergency activities it is o
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 Rita Funaro-Curtis, Natural
Page 75 and 76: foundations by the water buoyancy.
Page 77 and 78: Impact on Natural and Built Environ
Page 79 and 80: Disaster Mitigation The most system
Page 81 and 82: - for tsunamis of local origin, pot
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Volcanoes Introduction Ov
Page 85 and 86: production of sugar and cattle. Bec
Page 87 and 88: lava is a thin fluid (not viscous),
Page 89 and 90: then cool as thin, gently dipping s
Page 91 and 92: drains, causing flooding during sub
Page 93 and 94: then recognized, but today an incre
Page 95 and 96: Volcanic Zoning and Risk Mapping Wi
Page 97 and 98: 1. Environmental Effects Volcano Di
Page 99 and 100: Altogether the combined disaster of
Page 101 and 102: force caused by the earth’s rotat
Page 103: An atmosphere disturbance forces wa
Page 107 and 108: measures as have to be devised and
Page 109 and 110: Storm Surge Source: Cuny, Disasters
Page 111 and 112: a set of activities in anticipation
Page 113 and 114: and buildings will affect the veloc
Page 115 and 116: How High Winds Damage Buildings Win
Page 117 and 118: • developing an effective forecas
Page 119 and 120: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 121 and 122: 1. Environmental Effects Tropical C
Page 123 and 124: also by human changes to the surfac
Page 125 and 126: The most noted floods are associate
Page 127 and 128: Magmatic Water ATMOSPHERE The Hydro
Page 129 and 130: Seasonality —Inundation of land d
Page 131 and 132: • Since Landsat images are taken
Page 133 and 134: The second step in vulnerability re
Page 135 and 136: 100-year flood, since this frequenc
Page 137 and 138: • Publish a master plan report wi
Page 139 and 140: • Blankets can be useful, but if
Page 141 and 142: Initial Response By Local Authoriti
Page 143 and 144: Notes 1 INTERTECT, The Potential Co
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 7 Drought Introduction Drou
Page 147 and 148: In addition to the droughts in the
Page 149 and 150: The Drought Cycle Normal Hydrologic
Page 151 and 152: • priority be given to developing
Page 153 and 154: land aware of the issues. Planning
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The importance of responding to the
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Chapter 8 Desertification Introduct
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Region Estimates of Populations and
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1960; 500,000 in 1973. In 1975, in
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Adaptation of the Hydrological Cycl
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eluctance to cut back on stock numb
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effect. Finer materials are lifted
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such measures involve the disruptio
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. This me
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Issues in Reconstruction Peculiar t
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Chapter 9 Deforestation Introductio
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uncontrolled deforestation is a sym
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Related Disasters Description of Ph
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exploitable timber available per pe
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implementation. But essential as th
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Analogue modeling — the applicati
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Crater — a bowl-shaped depression
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organizations (public and private),
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Fault — a planar or gently curved
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Hurricane — in the Western Hemisp
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Malnutrition — the condition of s
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Precipitation — in meteorology, w
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— S — Sand dune stabilization
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Telemetry — the use of communicat
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Vulnerability — the extent to whi
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International Society on Disaster M
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University of Colorado Natural Haza
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Disaster Management Center Universi
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