Joint International Conference on Long-term Experiments ...

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LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS AS THE BASE OF SITE SPECIFIC FARMING KESZTHELY LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS Tamas Kismányoky – Zoltan Toth University of Pannonia Georgikon Faculty of Agriculture Long-term field experiments existed, exist and will exist at least in places, where their importance is recognised. Long-term field experiments are the source of such iformation from which we can learn a lot about the factors that influence soil fertility and its sustainability. In most cases effects and interactions can be understood only from longterm data even if different soil and climatical conditions are compared to each other. These information are valuable for farmers, extension consultants, decision makers as well as scientists either in local or wide scale general concern. Long-term field experiments can be considered such living laboratories that let us study the physical and biological parameters of the agricultural environment reliably, further give scientists and policy decesion makers basic information in order to follow and control environmental mechanisms. The survey and the register of the European long-term field experiments were published by Körschens (1994, 1997, 1999, 2000). Valuable publications were also made in this topic by Mazur et. al (1993), Debreczeni B. (1994), Leigh and Johnston (1994), Merbach et. al (1999), Smith et. al (2001), Láng et. al (2002), Debreczeni K and Körschens, M. (2003). Most of the long-term field experiments were set up to study the effects and interactions of crop rotation, continuous cropping, organic and mineral fertilizers, microelements, liming, soil tillage, water management, plant protection, nutrient respond of new varieties and hi-breds, etc. Similar goals were the reason for the estabilishment of the long-term field experiments in Keszthely, Hungary. The long-term field experiments of the World and Hungary are listed in Table 1., Table 2. and Table 3. Table 1. Long-term field experiments of the World (Debreczeni K., Körschens, M. 2003) Continent 10-20 20-50 50-100 > 100 year Total Europe 24 292 81 20 417 Africa 32 37 69 Asia 28 7 35 Australia 7 14 21 North-America 1 41 21 5 68 South-America 9 1 10 World’s total 25 409 161 25 620 62
Table 2. The oldest and most important long-term field experiments of the World (Körschens et. al., 1994) Place Country Year of estabilishment Rothamsted England 1843 Grignon French 1875 Illionis USA 1876 Halle/Saale Germany 1878 Columbia USA 1888 Dakota USA 1892 Askov Denmark 1894 Auburn USA 1896 Bad Lauchstädt Germany 1902 Dikopshof Germany 1904 Table 3. The oldest long-term field experiments of Hungary Place Year of estabilishment MTA TAKI 1959 Putnok 1963 Kompolt 1961 Szarvas 1989 Kecskemét 1959/60 Gödöllő 1970 Karcag 1977 Debrecen 1978 GKI 1979 Gyöngyös 1994 Westsik 1929 Nyirlugos 1962 OMTK 1967 Keszthely 1963 Martonvásár 1959/61 The crop production research of Europe and Hungary has several common aspects either in the fields of research, or in the structure of the research organisations or in the principle of funding research. On the other hand the process of implementation is not uniform. In the western European countries the crop production research is made by the universities and by regional research institutes. The research institutes are financed by the administration, or by private organisations. A part of the agrotechnical research is non profit type (eg. plant nutrition, crop rotation, soil management), while others like breeding or pesticide research are profit oriented ones. Obviously on those fields, where the experimental results has a direct return (new species, or hibred, new pesticide or machine etc.) the financial background of the research is evident. There is a completely opposit situation in case of those researches, 63
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Joint Inte
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CONTENTS INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL FERT
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THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUPPLY, LIMI
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFE
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STUDIES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE With the general aims to co
Page 13 and 14: For a better knowledge of applicati
Page 15 and 16: pH values pH values 8 6 pH values 6
Page 17 and 18: In the preluvosoil conditions the m
Page 19 and 20: REFERENCES Bedo, Z.- Lang, L. (1977
Page 21 and 22: mean (fixed, i.e. systematic effect
Page 23 and 24: 29% in the first 15 years of the ex
Page 25 and 26: Table 2. Variance and regression pa
Page 27 and 28: The b = 1.7 value recorded for Trea
Page 29 and 30: THE IMPACT OF PLANT BREEDING ON SEE
Page 31 and 32: modified pedigree breeding method,
Page 33 and 34: “Rigel” seed multiplication com
Page 35 and 36: The benefits of the cultivars bred
Page 37 and 38: ABSTRACT SOME LESSONS LEARNED FROM
Page 39 and 40: about 100 m above sea-level with ye
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Effect of treatments on so
Page 43 and 44: ammoniumlactate-soluble P2O5 and K2
Page 45 and 46: MODIS NDVI data from the Terra and
Page 47 and 48: NDVI 0,8 0,75 0,7 0,65 0,6 0,55 0,5
Page 49 and 50: The a*cos(2π*i/12) periodic compon
Page 51 and 52: RAINFALL, FERTILIZATION AND LIMING
Page 53 and 54: 1999 to 2006. The main experiment
Page 55 and 56: Jolánkai M. (2005): Effect of clim
Page 57 and 58: classified according to the soil te
Page 59 and 60: Relatív termés (100 NP/NPK), % 3.
Page 61: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was fina
Page 65 and 66: plan of the uniform countrywide fie
Page 67 and 68: • The effect of climate change ca
Page 69 and 70: MATERIALS AND METHODS An organic an
Page 71 and 72: TOC % 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 bc b
Page 73 and 74: The much better performance of the
Page 75 and 76: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION IN LONG-TER
Page 77 and 78: Carbon-dioxide and nitrous-oxide sa
Page 79 and 80: Nitrous-oxide emission Nitrous-oxid
Page 81 and 82: CH BC N2O = - 8,839 + 0,6904 * Mois
Page 83 and 84: INFLUENCES OF AMELIORATIVE FERTILIZ
Page 85 and 86: samples were measured by the ICP-AE
Page 87 and 88: Table 3. Influences of ameliorative
Page 89 and 90: Egner, H., Riehm, H., Domingo, W.R.
Page 91 and 92: To resolve genetics of grain qualit
Page 93 and 94: Table 2. Average values of analyzed
Page 95 and 96: CROP ROTATION AND GREEN MANURE INFL
Page 97 and 98: Organic Chemical Chemical fertiliza
Page 99 and 100: Influence of the crop rotation and
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES 1. Budoi Gh., Penescu A.
Page 103 and 104: MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimen
Page 105 and 106: average of watered treatments resul
Page 107 and 108: Table 4: Changes in soil properties
Page 109 and 110: epetitions, where the main treatmen
Page 111 and 112: that usually conventional tillage h
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RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE
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Crop rotation Water regime Water re
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conditions. The values, registered
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CRISANA -THE FIRST ROMANIAN WHEAT V
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In addition, we used recurent selec
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Table 2: The root length of some wh
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Table 5: Productions and quality re
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EXPERIMENTS WITH PERENNIAL RYE (SEC
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green mass (6,8-7 t/ha/year dry mas
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REFERENCES Kotvics G. (1963): A Sec
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een shown to cause leucoencephaloma
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Marasas, W.F.O., Kellerman, W.C.A,
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minerals (Čuvanová et al. 2006).
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01/2). For the latest periods (fatt
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1. GENERAL APPROACH TO EUROREGIONAL
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Association - fig. 2), on the other
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communication between the two assoc
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The juridical settlement of the Bih
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EFFECT OF BORON FERTILIZATION ON AN
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3. Examinations of fruit quality Fo
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Fruit density was increased applyin
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Wills, R. B. H. - Lim, J. S. K. - G
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Nosticzius, 1992). Among these, soi
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The dry mat
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The amount of nitrogen uptake by th
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ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUP
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exactly known due to the size of th
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Table 3: Dry matter production of p
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more definite in the non limed trea
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compare these levels with the Europ
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Table 3. Natural occurrence of myco
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CORRELATIONS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
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1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
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Table 3: Land use/ha 1960 1970 1980
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RIDING TOURISM IN THE NORTHERN GREA
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visitors belonging to all types of
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Concerning the weather long autumn
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2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 6
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technical supervision of the Debrec
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TISSUE CULTURE METHODS FOR SCREENIN
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symptoms could be observable in the
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experiments the other clones and we
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Shoot culture
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that callus induction and developme
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COMBINING ABILITY STUDIES IN A SEVE
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Table 1: Mean squares of GCA and SC
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combination. We could not obtained
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SUSTAINABLE LAND-USE BASED ON WESTS
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green manure treatment, where lupin
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In Westsik's crop rotation experime
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Crop rotation breaks the weed and i
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The reliability of the method was c
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The increased phosphorus rates incr
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REFERENCES Basha S.M, Roberts R.M (
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Sandy soils w
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AL soluble Ca (mg/kg) 350 300 250 2
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gradually from soils containing 100
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agriculture in Hungary, especially
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according to the treatments. Obtain
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Table 4: Results of regression anal
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From obtained data, it can be estab
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Tops soil (0-30 cm) samples were ta
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Table 5: Impact fertilizing and lim
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COMPOSTED SLAUGHTERHOUSE BY-PRODUCT
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The mature compost became friable,
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maximal yield could be reached at 5
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unfavourable years. 100-200 t/ha do
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THE EFFECT OF BENTONITE ON SPECIFIC
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RESULTS The effect of treatments on
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dosages significantly reduced the a
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DISCUSSION In our experiments, we f
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INVESTIGATION OF MINERAL CONTENT IN
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Element Ammonium-nitrate Superphosp
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According to our results, the effec
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REFERENCES Debreczeni, B., Debrecze
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micronutrient soil tests for many y
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LE and KCl-EDTA extracted similar a
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Table 4. Correlation coefficient be
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YIELD OF RYE AS AFFECTED BY THE CRO
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Table 2: Mean temperature at Nyíre
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It was found that either way of app
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2 The main modification properties
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4 Table 2: Percent of alfalfa and-
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THE IMPORTANCE OF LONG-TERM FIELD E
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essential to the determination of t
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The comparison of the nutrient cont
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environment for three years, then t
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PC 2 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 V2 V5
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Figure 2: Genetic similarity among
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Frenot, Y., Aubry, M., Misset, M. T
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Three foliar fertilizations were do
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CONCLUSIONS The rigorous experiment
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some pathogen agents, a chemical an
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� The pH decrease in the greenhou
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RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS 1. The pro
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may employ (wheat) flour produced f
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For the conditions in from Western
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Yield losses millet hay (%) 80 70 6
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- 0,6093) and extremely significant
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CONCLUSIONS The experimental field
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Evaluation of effect of fertilizati
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Table 3: Dry matter content of pars
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On sandy soil, the total N content
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFE
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Bacillus megatherium soil bacteria,
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N content of plant: Studying the ni
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chernozem soil in all pots either.
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THE INFLUENCE OF USING BIOLOGICAL A
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2. The influence of using inoculant
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Table 3: The evolution of weight ga
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REFERENCES 4. Anon D.L. (1997): - S
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chernozem represents the dominant s
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AD% AD% 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 T
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Negative reaction was recorded in t
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The Tentant variety positively reac
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Table 1. The density of harmful pes
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vegetation period, without affectin
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THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING FORMA
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3:1 to 5:3 . In the following exper
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REFERENCES 1. Bartzokas, C. A., K.
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For micro-elements, EDTA+KCl 15 tim
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Ca CO3(%) = AL − Cax2,5 10000 EDT
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ABSTRACT BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION O
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profiles were typical for catena po
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Table 2: Collembola species composi
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Larsen, T., P. Schjonning, J. Axels
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The alimentary problem has constitu
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Table 3. The average annual consump
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FROM FARM TO FORK - EVALUATION OF C
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we made a deeper vertical sampling
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Although the toxic element content
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supp
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l/mp 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. 3 M
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during this period, though not so s
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• the pluviometric regime was als
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1. Specific weight was study accord
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Table 4. Absolut weight MA g result
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Very significant decrease are in V4
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OCEAN DYNAMICS: AIR-SEA INTERFACE G
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∂ C Φ = - ε (3) ∂z where Φ i
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n = - 1 ⁄ 2 [1]-[4]. The later mo
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elucidated yet. We must also imply
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RESEARCHES ON THE QUICK METHOD OF S
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SU8 = (Za/QB) - 100; C8 = (Z8/P8) -
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There are the following calculation
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- preheaters - towards condensation
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Circulation speed of the concentrat
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RESEARCH ON SEEDING AGENTS TO EFFEC
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• about 160 porcelain balls havin
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For the crystal mass the following
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WATER DIFFUSION IN BREAD DURING BAK
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RESULTS Temperature distribution: W
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During the chemical changes the por
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CONCLUSIONS The water content in th
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those portions that are not, are no
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Tension: For bread prepared under l
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obscured. It has been stated that r
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THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE P
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It was marked with AI the area of t
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mcb [g] mcb [g] mcb [g] 0,040 0,030
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The calculation of engines with spa
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THE VARIATION OF EFFECTIVE POWER AN
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437
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ce [g/kW h] 400.019 350.019 300.019
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THE EFFECT OF THE GENOTYPE AND EXPL
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) The cultures were incubated at cc
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% embryogenic inductio 60 50 40 30
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Table 1 The three way Anova type 3x
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Table 4 The effect of developmental
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was the explant type (the developme
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ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE TESTS FOR SEPA
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Column extraction (Beck, H. and Mat
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Fat Percentage Fat percentage 4.4 4
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HIGHLIGHTING THE STATE OF FRESHNESS
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REFERENCES 1. Eftimie V.M. Particul
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In table 1 the results obtained as
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FORENSIC ASPECTS REGARDING DISASTER
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• depositing the bodies and the e
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FORM NO. 3 ITEM IDENTIFICATION Pers
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- utilised in a biogas processing p
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Viscosity [◦E] 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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As in any other cyclic, infectious,
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usually incompatible with life or c
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The family doctors must be informed
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2. botulism of inoculation-through
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The repartition of the provenience
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3. The patients hospitalizations mo
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possibility that, due to the chelat
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difference of extinction % 120 100
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Horváth E., Szalai G., Pál m., P
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chlorophyll contents and the values
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Table 1.Estimative mean values for
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TREE GROWTH EQUATIONS IN DIFFERENT
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Image no.1 ImageTool programme was
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Following the results obtained, the
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ms. The placement of the areas was
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Another possible simulated break in
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- distribution after break case 2 y
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THE FREQUENCY OF DAYS WITH DIFFEREN
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200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120
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October, and at higher altitudes (0
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5. The frequency of tropical days r
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At the same time, the genesis of fl
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winter the floods frequency has sma
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% 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 I II III IV V
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RESEARCH REGARDING MAIN CHEMICAL RE
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• Ensuring the juice’ thermal s
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mud which is evacuated out of the p
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MATERIALS AND METHOD Apparatus Clea
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THE IMPORTANCE OF VOLATILE N-NITROS
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The fat cooked out of some of the b
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A problem concerning the formation
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Sample 3, found to contain 343 ppb
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LUNG CANCER CAUSED BY SMOKING AND C
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µg/g dry weight). The pulmonary Cd
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MATERIALS AND METHOD Apparatus and
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for either TLC or reverse-phase LC
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trigger still other responses. In t
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these general patterns appear to be
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The question of determining a “sa
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CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECT
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Figure 3.-Life Cycle of Echinococcu
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that the values are 1 case at 600.0
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Paraclinical data From the laborato
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THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF STERIG
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Column Chromatography Loosely place
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that spot intensity could be regene
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its metabolism by oxidative pathway
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Exposure time weeks 1 2 3 Table 2.
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attempted accommodation to the diet
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series, a dose of 0.5 ppm NDMA was
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At 500 ppb and at all higher doses,
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supernatants by a modified cadmium
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adioimmunoassay and by cadmium satu
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• The intermediary form appears b
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sex. In fact, there are no data in
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SOME ASPECTS OF SHELTER REGENERATIO
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In the following lines it is presen
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Număr de arbori 160 140 120 100 80
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Analysing the data presented in the
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT TEHNOLOGIES OF
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As a result of the comparisons betw
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CONCLUSIONS Anaerobe-aerobe treatme
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT USING CONSTRUC
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characterized by marshy plants like
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watersurface, but their roots are t
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• Which of the heavy metals that
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Figure 2 shows that Cd also is conc
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