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REFERENCES Berzsenyi Z., Győrffy B. (1995): Effect of various crop production factors on the yield and yield stability of maize (Különböző növénytermesztési tényezők hatása a kukorica termésére és termésstabilitására). Növénytermelés, 44: 507-517. Crossa, J. (1990): Statistical analyses of multilocation trials. Advances in Agronomy, 44: 55-85. Finlay, K.W., Wilkinson, G.N. (1963): The analysis of adaptation in a plant breeding programme. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 14: 742-754. Győrffy B (1969): Effect of crop production factors on maize yields, Experiment code: Komplex I (Különböző növénytermesztési tényezők hatása a kukorica termésére, Komplex I). In: I’só I. (ed.), Maize Production Experiments 1965–1968 (Kukoricatermesztési kísérletek 1965-1968). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. Kang, M.S. (1995): Simultaneous selection for yield and stability in crop performance trials: consequences for growers. Agronomy Journal, 85: 754-757. Sváb J. (1981): Biometrical Methods in Research (Biometriai módszerek a kutatásban). Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest. Tollenaar, M., Lee, E.A. (2002): Yield potential, yield stability and stress tolerance in maize. Field Crops Research, 75: 161-169. 28
THE IMPACT OF PLANT BREEDING ON SEED OIL CONTENT AND QUALITY IN EVENING PRIMROSE CROPS ABSTRACT Andrew F. Fieldsend University of Debrecen Centre of Agricultural Sciences 4032 Debrecen, Böszörményi ut 138., Hungary In recent decades, evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) has been grown as an agricultural crop in several parts of the world including western and central Europe, North America and New Zealand. Its value is derived from its seed oil which contains unusually high levels of gamma linolenic acid (GLA), an uncommon fatty acid which is used in pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements. Whilst such improvements have led to a reduction in the seed price, increases in seed oil content and quality (i.e. percentage of GLA) can lead to further reductions in the cost of the end product. The breeding programme of Scotia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, UK was effective in achieving such increases. For example, in spring-sown crops in New Zealand, seed oil content increased from around 25% in older cultivars grown in the period 1990-1992 to around 28% in the cultivar “Rigel” grown in the period 1992-1999. Furthermore, GLA content increased by almost 50%, from around 9.5% in older cultivars to more than 13% in “Rigel”. It has been estimated that these improvements through plant breeding have led to an 18% reduction in product costs. Keywords: Evening primrose; Oenothera spp; breeding; oil content; oil quality INTRODUCTION In recent decades, evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) has been grown as an agricultural crop in several parts of the world including western and central Europe, North America and New Zealand. Its value is derived from its seed oil which contains unusually high levels of gamma linolenic acid (GLA), an uncommon fatty acid which is used in pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements (Horrobin, 1992). Although found in some other plant and fungal oils, in evening primrose oil GLA is thought to occur in its most bioactive state, as part of a triacylglycerol called Enotherol® (Horrobin, 1994). A brief botanical description of evening primrose was given by Fieldsend (1996a). Early commercial crops of evening primrose were grown from seed stocks available through the horticultural trade (Fieldsend, 1996a). One such “traditional” stock, grown in New Zealand, was simply known as “421”. This and similar lines were unsuitable for agriculture in many ways, for example in having seed capsules which split as they matured, meaning that a significant proportion of seed was lost prior to harvest. This factor simply compounded the problem that the potential seed yield of evening primrose was already much lower than that of other combinable crops (Nix, 1995). UK-based Agricultural Holdings, owned by the Balint family, was an important early seed producer, sourcing much of its seed from Hungary. Its subsidiary, which in time became Scotia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, a leading manufacturer of products derived from evening primrose oil, set up an evening primrose breeding programme in the mid- 1970s. Whilst development of cultivars with non-splitting capsules was an important 29
Page 1 and 2: Joint Inte
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL FERT
Page 5 and 6: THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUPPLY, LIMI
Page 7 and 8: THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFE
Page 9 and 10: STUDIES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE With the general aims to co
Page 13 and 14: For a better knowledge of applicati
Page 15 and 16: pH values pH values 8 6 pH values 6
Page 17 and 18: In the preluvosoil conditions the m
Page 19 and 20: REFERENCES Bedo, Z.- Lang, L. (1977
Page 21 and 22: mean (fixed, i.e. systematic effect
Page 23 and 24: 29% in the first 15 years of the ex
Page 25 and 26: Table 2. Variance and regression pa
Page 27: The b = 1.7 value recorded for Trea
Page 31 and 32: modified pedigree breeding method,
Page 33 and 34: “Rigel” seed multiplication com
Page 35 and 36: The benefits of the cultivars bred
Page 37 and 38: ABSTRACT SOME LESSONS LEARNED FROM
Page 39 and 40: about 100 m above sea-level with ye
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Effect of treatments on so
Page 43 and 44: ammoniumlactate-soluble P2O5 and K2
Page 45 and 46: MODIS NDVI data from the Terra and
Page 47 and 48: NDVI 0,8 0,75 0,7 0,65 0,6 0,55 0,5
Page 49 and 50: The a*cos(2π*i/12) periodic compon
Page 51 and 52: RAINFALL, FERTILIZATION AND LIMING
Page 53 and 54: 1999 to 2006. The main experiment
Page 55 and 56: Jolánkai M. (2005): Effect of clim
Page 57 and 58: classified according to the soil te
Page 59 and 60: Relatív termés (100 NP/NPK), % 3.
Page 61 and 62: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was fina
Page 63 and 64: Table 2. The oldest and most import
Page 65 and 66: plan of the uniform countrywide fie
Page 67 and 68: • The effect of climate change ca
Page 69 and 70: MATERIALS AND METHODS An organic an
Page 71 and 72: TOC % 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 bc b
Page 73 and 74: The much better performance of the
Page 75 and 76: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION IN LONG-TER
Page 77 and 78: Carbon-dioxide and nitrous-oxide sa
Page 79 and 80:
Nitrous-oxide emission Nitrous-oxid
Page 81 and 82:
CH BC N2O = - 8,839 + 0,6904 * Mois
Page 83 and 84:
INFLUENCES OF AMELIORATIVE FERTILIZ
Page 85 and 86:
samples were measured by the ICP-AE
Page 87 and 88:
Table 3. Influences of ameliorative
Page 89 and 90:
Egner, H., Riehm, H., Domingo, W.R.
Page 91 and 92:
To resolve genetics of grain qualit
Page 93 and 94:
Table 2. Average values of analyzed
Page 95 and 96:
CROP ROTATION AND GREEN MANURE INFL
Page 97 and 98:
Organic Chemical Chemical fertiliza
Page 99 and 100:
Influence of the crop rotation and
Page 101 and 102:
REFERENCES 1. Budoi Gh., Penescu A.
Page 103 and 104:
MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimen
Page 105 and 106:
average of watered treatments resul
Page 107 and 108:
Table 4: Changes in soil properties
Page 109 and 110:
epetitions, where the main treatmen
Page 111 and 112:
that usually conventional tillage h
Page 113 and 114:
RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE
Page 115 and 116:
Crop rotation Water regime Water re
Page 117 and 118:
conditions. The values, registered
Page 119 and 120:
CRISANA -THE FIRST ROMANIAN WHEAT V
Page 121 and 122:
In addition, we used recurent selec
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Table 2: The root length of some wh
Page 125 and 126:
Table 5: Productions and quality re
Page 127 and 128:
EXPERIMENTS WITH PERENNIAL RYE (SEC
Page 129 and 130:
green mass (6,8-7 t/ha/year dry mas
Page 131 and 132:
REFERENCES Kotvics G. (1963): A Sec
Page 133 and 134:
een shown to cause leucoencephaloma
Page 135 and 136:
Marasas, W.F.O., Kellerman, W.C.A,
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minerals (Čuvanová et al. 2006).
Page 139 and 140:
01/2). For the latest periods (fatt
Page 141 and 142:
1. GENERAL APPROACH TO EUROREGIONAL
Page 143 and 144:
Association - fig. 2), on the other
Page 145 and 146:
communication between the two assoc
Page 147 and 148:
The juridical settlement of the Bih
Page 149 and 150:
EFFECT OF BORON FERTILIZATION ON AN
Page 151 and 152:
3. Examinations of fruit quality Fo
Page 153 and 154:
Fruit density was increased applyin
Page 155 and 156:
Wills, R. B. H. - Lim, J. S. K. - G
Page 157 and 158:
Nosticzius, 1992). Among these, soi
Page 159 and 160:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The dry mat
Page 161 and 162:
The amount of nitrogen uptake by th
Page 163 and 164:
ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUP
Page 165 and 166:
exactly known due to the size of th
Page 167 and 168:
Table 3: Dry matter production of p
Page 169 and 170:
more definite in the non limed trea
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compare these levels with the Europ
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Table 3. Natural occurrence of myco
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CORRELATIONS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
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1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
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Table 3: Land use/ha 1960 1970 1980
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RIDING TOURISM IN THE NORTHERN GREA
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visitors belonging to all types of
Page 185 and 186:
Concerning the weather long autumn
Page 187 and 188:
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 6
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technical supervision of the Debrec
Page 191 and 192:
TISSUE CULTURE METHODS FOR SCREENIN
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symptoms could be observable in the
Page 195 and 196:
experiments the other clones and we
Page 197 and 198:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Shoot culture
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that callus induction and developme
Page 201 and 202:
COMBINING ABILITY STUDIES IN A SEVE
Page 203 and 204:
Table 1: Mean squares of GCA and SC
Page 205 and 206:
combination. We could not obtained
Page 207 and 208:
SUSTAINABLE LAND-USE BASED ON WESTS
Page 209 and 210:
green manure treatment, where lupin
Page 211 and 212:
In Westsik's crop rotation experime
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Crop rotation breaks the weed and i
Page 215 and 216:
The reliability of the method was c
Page 217 and 218:
The increased phosphorus rates incr
Page 219 and 220:
REFERENCES Basha S.M, Roberts R.M (
Page 221 and 222:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Sandy soils w
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AL soluble Ca (mg/kg) 350 300 250 2
Page 225 and 226:
gradually from soils containing 100
Page 227 and 228:
agriculture in Hungary, especially
Page 229 and 230:
according to the treatments. Obtain
Page 231 and 232:
Table 4: Results of regression anal
Page 233 and 234:
From obtained data, it can be estab
Page 235 and 236:
Tops soil (0-30 cm) samples were ta
Page 237 and 238:
Table 5: Impact fertilizing and lim
Page 239 and 240:
COMPOSTED SLAUGHTERHOUSE BY-PRODUCT
Page 241 and 242:
The mature compost became friable,
Page 243 and 244:
maximal yield could be reached at 5
Page 245 and 246:
unfavourable years. 100-200 t/ha do
Page 247 and 248:
THE EFFECT OF BENTONITE ON SPECIFIC
Page 249 and 250:
RESULTS The effect of treatments on
Page 251 and 252:
dosages significantly reduced the a
Page 253 and 254:
DISCUSSION In our experiments, we f
Page 255 and 256:
INVESTIGATION OF MINERAL CONTENT IN
Page 257 and 258:
Element Ammonium-nitrate Superphosp
Page 259 and 260:
According to our results, the effec
Page 261 and 262:
REFERENCES Debreczeni, B., Debrecze
Page 263 and 264:
micronutrient soil tests for many y
Page 265 and 266:
LE and KCl-EDTA extracted similar a
Page 267 and 268:
Table 4. Correlation coefficient be
Page 269 and 270:
YIELD OF RYE AS AFFECTED BY THE CRO
Page 271 and 272:
Table 2: Mean temperature at Nyíre
Page 273 and 274:
It was found that either way of app
Page 275 and 276:
2 The main modification properties
Page 277 and 278:
4 Table 2: Percent of alfalfa and-
Page 279 and 280:
THE IMPORTANCE OF LONG-TERM FIELD E
Page 281 and 282:
essential to the determination of t
Page 283 and 284:
The comparison of the nutrient cont
Page 285 and 286:
environment for three years, then t
Page 287 and 288:
PC 2 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 V2 V5
Page 289 and 290:
Figure 2: Genetic similarity among
Page 291 and 292:
Frenot, Y., Aubry, M., Misset, M. T
Page 293 and 294:
Three foliar fertilizations were do
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CONCLUSIONS The rigorous experiment
Page 297 and 298:
some pathogen agents, a chemical an
Page 299 and 300:
� The pH decrease in the greenhou
Page 301 and 302:
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS 1. The pro
Page 303 and 304:
may employ (wheat) flour produced f
Page 305 and 306:
For the conditions in from Western
Page 307 and 308:
Yield losses millet hay (%) 80 70 6
Page 309 and 310:
- 0,6093) and extremely significant
Page 311 and 312:
CONCLUSIONS The experimental field
Page 313 and 314:
Evaluation of effect of fertilizati
Page 315 and 316:
Table 3: Dry matter content of pars
Page 317 and 318:
On sandy soil, the total N content
Page 319 and 320:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFE
Page 321 and 322:
Bacillus megatherium soil bacteria,
Page 323 and 324:
N content of plant: Studying the ni
Page 325 and 326:
chernozem soil in all pots either.
Page 327 and 328:
THE INFLUENCE OF USING BIOLOGICAL A
Page 329 and 330:
2. The influence of using inoculant
Page 331 and 332:
Table 3: The evolution of weight ga
Page 333 and 334:
REFERENCES 4. Anon D.L. (1997): - S
Page 335 and 336:
chernozem represents the dominant s
Page 337 and 338:
AD% AD% 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 T
Page 339 and 340:
Negative reaction was recorded in t
Page 341 and 342:
The Tentant variety positively reac
Page 343 and 344:
Table 1. The density of harmful pes
Page 345 and 346:
vegetation period, without affectin
Page 347 and 348:
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING FORMA
Page 349 and 350:
3:1 to 5:3 . In the following exper
Page 351 and 352:
REFERENCES 1. Bartzokas, C. A., K.
Page 353 and 354:
For micro-elements, EDTA+KCl 15 tim
Page 355 and 356:
Ca CO3(%) = AL − Cax2,5 10000 EDT
Page 357 and 358:
ABSTRACT BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION O
Page 359 and 360:
profiles were typical for catena po
Page 361 and 362:
Table 2: Collembola species composi
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Larsen, T., P. Schjonning, J. Axels
Page 365 and 366:
The alimentary problem has constitu
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Table 3. The average annual consump
Page 369 and 370:
FROM FARM TO FORK - EVALUATION OF C
Page 371 and 372:
we made a deeper vertical sampling
Page 373 and 374:
Although the toxic element content
Page 375 and 376:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supp
Page 377 and 378:
l/mp 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. 3 M
Page 379 and 380:
during this period, though not so s
Page 381 and 382:
• the pluviometric regime was als
Page 383 and 384:
1. Specific weight was study accord
Page 385 and 386:
Table 4. Absolut weight MA g result
Page 387 and 388:
Very significant decrease are in V4
Page 389 and 390:
OCEAN DYNAMICS: AIR-SEA INTERFACE G
Page 391 and 392:
∂ C Φ = - ε (3) ∂z where Φ i
Page 393 and 394:
n = - 1 ⁄ 2 [1]-[4]. The later mo
Page 395 and 396:
elucidated yet. We must also imply
Page 397 and 398:
RESEARCHES ON THE QUICK METHOD OF S
Page 399 and 400:
SU8 = (Za/QB) - 100; C8 = (Z8/P8) -
Page 401 and 402:
There are the following calculation
Page 403 and 404:
- preheaters - towards condensation
Page 405 and 406:
Circulation speed of the concentrat
Page 407 and 408:
RESEARCH ON SEEDING AGENTS TO EFFEC
Page 409 and 410:
• about 160 porcelain balls havin
Page 411 and 412:
For the crystal mass the following
Page 413 and 414:
WATER DIFFUSION IN BREAD DURING BAK
Page 415 and 416:
RESULTS Temperature distribution: W
Page 417 and 418:
During the chemical changes the por
Page 419 and 420:
CONCLUSIONS The water content in th
Page 421 and 422:
those portions that are not, are no
Page 423 and 424:
Tension: For bread prepared under l
Page 425 and 426:
obscured. It has been stated that r
Page 427 and 428:
THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE P
Page 429 and 430:
It was marked with AI the area of t
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mcb [g] mcb [g] mcb [g] 0,040 0,030
Page 433 and 434:
The calculation of engines with spa
Page 435 and 436:
THE VARIATION OF EFFECTIVE POWER AN
Page 437 and 438:
437
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ce [g/kW h] 400.019 350.019 300.019
Page 441 and 442:
THE EFFECT OF THE GENOTYPE AND EXPL
Page 443 and 444:
) The cultures were incubated at cc
Page 445 and 446:
% embryogenic inductio 60 50 40 30
Page 447 and 448:
Table 1 The three way Anova type 3x
Page 449 and 450:
Table 4 The effect of developmental
Page 451 and 452:
was the explant type (the developme
Page 453 and 454:
ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE TESTS FOR SEPA
Page 455 and 456:
Column extraction (Beck, H. and Mat
Page 457 and 458:
Fat Percentage Fat percentage 4.4 4
Page 459 and 460:
HIGHLIGHTING THE STATE OF FRESHNESS
Page 461 and 462:
REFERENCES 1. Eftimie V.M. Particul
Page 463 and 464:
In table 1 the results obtained as
Page 465 and 466:
FORENSIC ASPECTS REGARDING DISASTER
Page 467 and 468:
• depositing the bodies and the e
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FORM NO. 3 ITEM IDENTIFICATION Pers
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- utilised in a biogas processing p
Page 473 and 474:
Viscosity [◦E] 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Page 475 and 476:
As in any other cyclic, infectious,
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usually incompatible with life or c
Page 479 and 480:
The family doctors must be informed
Page 481 and 482:
2. botulism of inoculation-through
Page 483 and 484:
The repartition of the provenience
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3. The patients hospitalizations mo
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possibility that, due to the chelat
Page 489 and 490:
difference of extinction % 120 100
Page 491 and 492:
Horváth E., Szalai G., Pál m., P
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chlorophyll contents and the values
Page 495 and 496:
Table 1.Estimative mean values for
Page 497 and 498:
TREE GROWTH EQUATIONS IN DIFFERENT
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Image no.1 ImageTool programme was
Page 501 and 502:
Following the results obtained, the
Page 503 and 504:
ms. The placement of the areas was
Page 505 and 506:
Another possible simulated break in
Page 507 and 508:
- distribution after break case 2 y
Page 509 and 510:
THE FREQUENCY OF DAYS WITH DIFFEREN
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200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120
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October, and at higher altitudes (0
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5. The frequency of tropical days r
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At the same time, the genesis of fl
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winter the floods frequency has sma
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% 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 I II III IV V
Page 523 and 524:
RESEARCH REGARDING MAIN CHEMICAL RE
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• Ensuring the juice’ thermal s
Page 527 and 528:
mud which is evacuated out of the p
Page 529 and 530:
MATERIALS AND METHOD Apparatus Clea
Page 531 and 532:
THE IMPORTANCE OF VOLATILE N-NITROS
Page 533 and 534:
The fat cooked out of some of the b
Page 535 and 536:
A problem concerning the formation
Page 537 and 538:
Sample 3, found to contain 343 ppb
Page 539 and 540:
LUNG CANCER CAUSED BY SMOKING AND C
Page 541 and 542:
µg/g dry weight). The pulmonary Cd
Page 543 and 544:
MATERIALS AND METHOD Apparatus and
Page 545 and 546:
for either TLC or reverse-phase LC
Page 547 and 548:
trigger still other responses. In t
Page 549 and 550:
these general patterns appear to be
Page 551 and 552:
The question of determining a “sa
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CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECT
Page 555 and 556:
Figure 3.-Life Cycle of Echinococcu
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that the values are 1 case at 600.0
Page 559 and 560:
Paraclinical data From the laborato
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THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF STERIG
Page 563 and 564:
Column Chromatography Loosely place
Page 565 and 566:
that spot intensity could be regene
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its metabolism by oxidative pathway
Page 569 and 570:
Exposure time weeks 1 2 3 Table 2.
Page 571 and 572:
attempted accommodation to the diet
Page 573 and 574:
series, a dose of 0.5 ppm NDMA was
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At 500 ppb and at all higher doses,
Page 577 and 578:
supernatants by a modified cadmium
Page 579 and 580:
adioimmunoassay and by cadmium satu
Page 581 and 582:
• The intermediary form appears b
Page 583 and 584:
sex. In fact, there are no data in
Page 585 and 586:
SOME ASPECTS OF SHELTER REGENERATIO
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In the following lines it is presen
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Număr de arbori 160 140 120 100 80
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Analysing the data presented in the
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT TEHNOLOGIES OF
Page 595 and 596:
As a result of the comparisons betw
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CONCLUSIONS Anaerobe-aerobe treatme
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT USING CONSTRUC
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characterized by marshy plants like
Page 603 and 604:
watersurface, but their roots are t
Page 605 and 606:
• Which of the heavy metals that
Page 607 and 608:
Figure 2 shows that Cd also is conc
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