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Rusu, M., Boeriu, I., Kurtinec, P., Botha, P.V. (1981): Aspecte privind chimismul fosforului in solurile acide din Nord Vestul tarii. Analele I.C.C.P. Fundulea, Vol 47 Irina Vintila, Borlan, Z., Rauta, C., Daniliuc, D., Tiganas, L. (1984): Situatia agrochimica a solurilor din Romania, Ed. Ceres, Bucuresti. 238
COMPOSTED SLAUGHTERHOUSE BY-PRODUCTS EFFECT ON CROP YIELD Péter Ragályi, Imre Kádár Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry H-1022, Budapest, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Hungary. E-mail: ragalyi@rissac.hu ABSTRACT Use of treated slaughterhouse waste as fertilizer can be a good way to maintain soil productivity as well as reduce organic waste. Effect and residual effect of different composts and meat powder were examined on crop development and yield on a calcareous sandy soil. The soil contained 1-6% CaCO3 and 1-1.5% humus, humus layer was 60-80 cm and pH(H2O) 7.0-7.4 as an average. The site had a poor N, P and K supply. Water table was at 6-8 m depth. Trials were set in 2002 and 2003 with 5 doses (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 t/ha fresh compost and 0; 2,5; 5; 10; 20 t/ha meat powder once applied) and 4 replications giving a sum of 20 plots with 5x8=40 m 2 area each, arranged in split-plot design. Sown crops were maize in 2002, mustard in 2003 and triticale monoculture from 2004. In the first two years of the trial the yield was negligible due to draught, though tendencies showed 50t/ha dose mature compost and 25 t/ha immature compost as optimal treatment. All of the composts had significant residual effect on triticale in 2004 as the weather was favourable and immature compost increased harvested straw and grain air-dried yield from 1.6 to 5.3 t/ha. Maximal yields occurred at the maximal compost doses without depression. In following years residual effects were moderated, but differences were significant in the case of stronger composts even in 2006, in the 4 th and 5 th experimental years. Keywords: compost, fertilization, crop yield, slaughterhouse by-product INTRODUCTION Fodder use of animal origin wastes is strictly regulated by EU since BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) disease showed up, so alternative utilities have to be found. In Hungary 100-120 million tons of wastes produced of which 5% is so called “hazardous”. Hazardous wastes from animal bodies reach 300-400 thousand tons of which 70-90 thousand are composted. After heat treatment these wastes become nonhazardous, and other treatments like composting make land application possible. This practice may improve soil parameters like organic matter, nutrient content, water holding capacity and also reduces the yearly deposited 55 000 tons of slaughterhouse wastes and sewage sludge (Vermes 1998, Kiss et al. 2001). Burying or incineration of these materials is expensive and can result in environmental pollution (Izsáki 2000). Debreczeni and Izsáki (1985) set up pot experiments to study the changes of field crops grown on calcareous sandy soil and chernozem meadow clayey soil mixed with various doses of sewage sludge from a tannery. On calcareous sandy soil 13 g sludge D.M. / kg soil increased mustard above ground parts with 74% but higher doses caused depression. Maize yields (above ground) were doubled in 33 g sludge D.M. / kg soil 239
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Joint Inte
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CONTENTS INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL FERT
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THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUPPLY, LIMI
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFE
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STUDIES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
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PREFACE With the general aims to co
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For a better knowledge of applicati
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pH values pH values 8 6 pH values 6
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In the preluvosoil conditions the m
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REFERENCES Bedo, Z.- Lang, L. (1977
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mean (fixed, i.e. systematic effect
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29% in the first 15 years of the ex
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Table 2. Variance and regression pa
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The b = 1.7 value recorded for Trea
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THE IMPACT OF PLANT BREEDING ON SEE
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modified pedigree breeding method,
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“Rigel” seed multiplication com
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The benefits of the cultivars bred
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ABSTRACT SOME LESSONS LEARNED FROM
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about 100 m above sea-level with ye
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Table 3: Effect of treatments on so
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ammoniumlactate-soluble P2O5 and K2
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MODIS NDVI data from the Terra and
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NDVI 0,8 0,75 0,7 0,65 0,6 0,55 0,5
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The a*cos(2π*i/12) periodic compon
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RAINFALL, FERTILIZATION AND LIMING
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1999 to 2006. The main experiment
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Jolánkai M. (2005): Effect of clim
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classified according to the soil te
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Relatív termés (100 NP/NPK), % 3.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was fina
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Table 2. The oldest and most import
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plan of the uniform countrywide fie
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• The effect of climate change ca
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MATERIALS AND METHODS An organic an
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TOC % 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 bc b
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The much better performance of the
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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION IN LONG-TER
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Carbon-dioxide and nitrous-oxide sa
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Nitrous-oxide emission Nitrous-oxid
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CH BC N2O = - 8,839 + 0,6904 * Mois
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INFLUENCES OF AMELIORATIVE FERTILIZ
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samples were measured by the ICP-AE
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Table 3. Influences of ameliorative
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Egner, H., Riehm, H., Domingo, W.R.
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To resolve genetics of grain qualit
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Table 2. Average values of analyzed
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CROP ROTATION AND GREEN MANURE INFL
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Organic Chemical Chemical fertiliza
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Influence of the crop rotation and
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REFERENCES 1. Budoi Gh., Penescu A.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimen
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average of watered treatments resul
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Table 4: Changes in soil properties
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epetitions, where the main treatmen
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that usually conventional tillage h
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RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE
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Crop rotation Water regime Water re
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conditions. The values, registered
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CRISANA -THE FIRST ROMANIAN WHEAT V
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In addition, we used recurent selec
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Table 2: The root length of some wh
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Table 5: Productions and quality re
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EXPERIMENTS WITH PERENNIAL RYE (SEC
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green mass (6,8-7 t/ha/year dry mas
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REFERENCES Kotvics G. (1963): A Sec
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een shown to cause leucoencephaloma
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Marasas, W.F.O., Kellerman, W.C.A,
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minerals (Čuvanová et al. 2006).
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01/2). For the latest periods (fatt
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1. GENERAL APPROACH TO EUROREGIONAL
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Association - fig. 2), on the other
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communication between the two assoc
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The juridical settlement of the Bih
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EFFECT OF BORON FERTILIZATION ON AN
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3. Examinations of fruit quality Fo
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Fruit density was increased applyin
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Wills, R. B. H. - Lim, J. S. K. - G
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Nosticzius, 1992). Among these, soi
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The dry mat
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The amount of nitrogen uptake by th
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ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUP
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exactly known due to the size of th
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Table 3: Dry matter production of p
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more definite in the non limed trea
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compare these levels with the Europ
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Table 3. Natural occurrence of myco
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CORRELATIONS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
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1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
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Table 3: Land use/ha 1960 1970 1980
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RIDING TOURISM IN THE NORTHERN GREA
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visitors belonging to all types of
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Concerning the weather long autumn
Page 187 and 188: 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 6
Page 189 and 190: technical supervision of the Debrec
Page 191 and 192: TISSUE CULTURE METHODS FOR SCREENIN
Page 193 and 194: symptoms could be observable in the
Page 195 and 196: experiments the other clones and we
Page 197 and 198: MATERIALS AND METHODS Shoot culture
Page 199 and 200: that callus induction and developme
Page 201 and 202: COMBINING ABILITY STUDIES IN A SEVE
Page 203 and 204: Table 1: Mean squares of GCA and SC
Page 205 and 206: combination. We could not obtained
Page 207 and 208: SUSTAINABLE LAND-USE BASED ON WESTS
Page 209 and 210: green manure treatment, where lupin
Page 211 and 212: In Westsik's crop rotation experime
Page 213 and 214: Crop rotation breaks the weed and i
Page 215 and 216: The reliability of the method was c
Page 217 and 218: The increased phosphorus rates incr
Page 219 and 220: REFERENCES Basha S.M, Roberts R.M (
Page 221 and 222: MATERIALS AND METHODS Sandy soils w
Page 223 and 224: AL soluble Ca (mg/kg) 350 300 250 2
Page 225 and 226: gradually from soils containing 100
Page 227 and 228: agriculture in Hungary, especially
Page 229 and 230: according to the treatments. Obtain
Page 231 and 232: Table 4: Results of regression anal
Page 233 and 234: From obtained data, it can be estab
Page 235 and 236: Tops soil (0-30 cm) samples were ta
Page 237: Table 5: Impact fertilizing and lim
Page 241 and 242: The mature compost became friable,
Page 243 and 244: maximal yield could be reached at 5
Page 245 and 246: unfavourable years. 100-200 t/ha do
Page 247 and 248: THE EFFECT OF BENTONITE ON SPECIFIC
Page 249 and 250: RESULTS The effect of treatments on
Page 251 and 252: dosages significantly reduced the a
Page 253 and 254: DISCUSSION In our experiments, we f
Page 255 and 256: INVESTIGATION OF MINERAL CONTENT IN
Page 257 and 258: Element Ammonium-nitrate Superphosp
Page 259 and 260: According to our results, the effec
Page 261 and 262: REFERENCES Debreczeni, B., Debrecze
Page 263 and 264: micronutrient soil tests for many y
Page 265 and 266: LE and KCl-EDTA extracted similar a
Page 267 and 268: Table 4. Correlation coefficient be
Page 269 and 270: YIELD OF RYE AS AFFECTED BY THE CRO
Page 271 and 272: Table 2: Mean temperature at Nyíre
Page 273 and 274: It was found that either way of app
Page 275 and 276: 2 The main modification properties
Page 277 and 278: 4 Table 2: Percent of alfalfa and-
Page 279 and 280: THE IMPORTANCE OF LONG-TERM FIELD E
Page 281 and 282: essential to the determination of t
Page 283 and 284: The comparison of the nutrient cont
Page 285 and 286: environment for three years, then t
Page 287 and 288: PC 2 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 V2 V5
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Figure 2: Genetic similarity among
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Frenot, Y., Aubry, M., Misset, M. T
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Three foliar fertilizations were do
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CONCLUSIONS The rigorous experiment
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some pathogen agents, a chemical an
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� The pH decrease in the greenhou
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RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS 1. The pro
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may employ (wheat) flour produced f
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For the conditions in from Western
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Yield losses millet hay (%) 80 70 6
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- 0,6093) and extremely significant
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CONCLUSIONS The experimental field
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Evaluation of effect of fertilizati
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Table 3: Dry matter content of pars
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On sandy soil, the total N content
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFE
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Bacillus megatherium soil bacteria,
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N content of plant: Studying the ni
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chernozem soil in all pots either.
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THE INFLUENCE OF USING BIOLOGICAL A
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2. The influence of using inoculant
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Table 3: The evolution of weight ga
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REFERENCES 4. Anon D.L. (1997): - S
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chernozem represents the dominant s
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AD% AD% 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 T
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Negative reaction was recorded in t
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The Tentant variety positively reac
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Table 1. The density of harmful pes
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vegetation period, without affectin
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THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING FORMA
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3:1 to 5:3 . In the following exper
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REFERENCES 1. Bartzokas, C. A., K.
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For micro-elements, EDTA+KCl 15 tim
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Ca CO3(%) = AL − Cax2,5 10000 EDT
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ABSTRACT BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION O
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profiles were typical for catena po
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Table 2: Collembola species composi
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Larsen, T., P. Schjonning, J. Axels
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The alimentary problem has constitu
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Table 3. The average annual consump
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FROM FARM TO FORK - EVALUATION OF C
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we made a deeper vertical sampling
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Although the toxic element content
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supp
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l/mp 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. 3 M
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during this period, though not so s
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• the pluviometric regime was als
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1. Specific weight was study accord
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Table 4. Absolut weight MA g result
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Very significant decrease are in V4
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OCEAN DYNAMICS: AIR-SEA INTERFACE G
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∂ C Φ = - ε (3) ∂z where Φ i
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n = - 1 ⁄ 2 [1]-[4]. The later mo
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elucidated yet. We must also imply
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RESEARCHES ON THE QUICK METHOD OF S
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SU8 = (Za/QB) - 100; C8 = (Z8/P8) -
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There are the following calculation
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- preheaters - towards condensation
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Circulation speed of the concentrat
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RESEARCH ON SEEDING AGENTS TO EFFEC
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• about 160 porcelain balls havin
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For the crystal mass the following
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WATER DIFFUSION IN BREAD DURING BAK
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RESULTS Temperature distribution: W
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During the chemical changes the por
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CONCLUSIONS The water content in th
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those portions that are not, are no
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Tension: For bread prepared under l
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obscured. It has been stated that r
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THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE P
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It was marked with AI the area of t
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mcb [g] mcb [g] mcb [g] 0,040 0,030
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The calculation of engines with spa
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THE VARIATION OF EFFECTIVE POWER AN
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437
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ce [g/kW h] 400.019 350.019 300.019
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THE EFFECT OF THE GENOTYPE AND EXPL
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) The cultures were incubated at cc
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% embryogenic inductio 60 50 40 30
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Table 1 The three way Anova type 3x
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Table 4 The effect of developmental
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was the explant type (the developme
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ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE TESTS FOR SEPA
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Column extraction (Beck, H. and Mat
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Fat Percentage Fat percentage 4.4 4
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HIGHLIGHTING THE STATE OF FRESHNESS
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REFERENCES 1. Eftimie V.M. Particul
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In table 1 the results obtained as
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FORENSIC ASPECTS REGARDING DISASTER
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• depositing the bodies and the e
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FORM NO. 3 ITEM IDENTIFICATION Pers
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- utilised in a biogas processing p
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Viscosity [◦E] 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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As in any other cyclic, infectious,
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usually incompatible with life or c
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The family doctors must be informed
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2. botulism of inoculation-through
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The repartition of the provenience
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3. The patients hospitalizations mo
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possibility that, due to the chelat
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difference of extinction % 120 100
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Horváth E., Szalai G., Pál m., P
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chlorophyll contents and the values
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Table 1.Estimative mean values for
Page 497 and 498:
TREE GROWTH EQUATIONS IN DIFFERENT
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Image no.1 ImageTool programme was
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Following the results obtained, the
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ms. The placement of the areas was
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Another possible simulated break in
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- distribution after break case 2 y
Page 509 and 510:
THE FREQUENCY OF DAYS WITH DIFFEREN
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200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120
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October, and at higher altitudes (0
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5. The frequency of tropical days r
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At the same time, the genesis of fl
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winter the floods frequency has sma
Page 521 and 522:
% 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 I II III IV V
Page 523 and 524:
RESEARCH REGARDING MAIN CHEMICAL RE
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• Ensuring the juice’ thermal s
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mud which is evacuated out of the p
Page 529 and 530:
MATERIALS AND METHOD Apparatus Clea
Page 531 and 532:
THE IMPORTANCE OF VOLATILE N-NITROS
Page 533 and 534:
The fat cooked out of some of the b
Page 535 and 536:
A problem concerning the formation
Page 537 and 538:
Sample 3, found to contain 343 ppb
Page 539 and 540:
LUNG CANCER CAUSED BY SMOKING AND C
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µg/g dry weight). The pulmonary Cd
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MATERIALS AND METHOD Apparatus and
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for either TLC or reverse-phase LC
Page 547 and 548:
trigger still other responses. In t
Page 549 and 550:
these general patterns appear to be
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The question of determining a “sa
Page 553 and 554:
CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECT
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Figure 3.-Life Cycle of Echinococcu
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that the values are 1 case at 600.0
Page 559 and 560:
Paraclinical data From the laborato
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THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF STERIG
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Column Chromatography Loosely place
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that spot intensity could be regene
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its metabolism by oxidative pathway
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Exposure time weeks 1 2 3 Table 2.
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attempted accommodation to the diet
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series, a dose of 0.5 ppm NDMA was
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At 500 ppb and at all higher doses,
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supernatants by a modified cadmium
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adioimmunoassay and by cadmium satu
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• The intermediary form appears b
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sex. In fact, there are no data in
Page 585 and 586:
SOME ASPECTS OF SHELTER REGENERATIO
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In the following lines it is presen
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Număr de arbori 160 140 120 100 80
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Analysing the data presented in the
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT TEHNOLOGIES OF
Page 595 and 596:
As a result of the comparisons betw
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CONCLUSIONS Anaerobe-aerobe treatme
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT USING CONSTRUC
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characterized by marshy plants like
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watersurface, but their roots are t
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• Which of the heavy metals that
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Figure 2 shows that Cd also is conc
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