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INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, MANURE AND LIME APPLIED IN LONG TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON PH-VALUE OF PRELUVOSOILS FROM NORTH-WEST PART OF ROMANIA Cristian Hera*, Gheorghe Ciobanu**, Cornelia Ciobanu**, Cornel Domuţa**, Adrian Vuşcan***, Georghe Sarca** * Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences "GHEORGHE IONESCU-SISESTI" Bucuresti ** University of Oradea, Faculty for Environmental Protection Oradea, Romania ***Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea ABSTRACT In Romania was elaborated since 1968 a stationary long term experiments with fertilizers and lime in all the Agricultural Research Stations belongs to Research Institute from Fundulea. The experiments was set aup using a unitary schem for knowing the evolution of soil fertilizers and the influence of fertilizers and lime rates and combinations on level and quality yield of different crops. The preluvosoil from North-West part of Romania is a medium soil, provide with the principale nutritive elements, with a weak acid reaction in the ploughing horizon. In this paper are presented the results regarding the influence of fertilizers and lime rates and combinations on pH values of preluvosoil from North-West part of Romania. Long term fertilization with nitrogen determined the decrease of pH values and the increase of mobile aluminium content up to the phytotoxicity level. Lime application determined the increase of pH values and the decrease of mobile aluminium content obtaining positive effects on yield. INTRODUCTION In Romania acid ploughing soils are spread on 2,0 millions ha which represent 20% from total agricol land. The factors which has a negative influence on growing plants are: high level concentration by H + and Al 3+ , high level soil content in Fe + and Mn 2+ and low level soil content in principal nutrients elements, low activity of microorganisms, stagnation of water, because of unsatisfactory infiltration. Much research on white luvic soil and preluvosoil conditions (Bedo and Lang, 1977, Ciobanu and Nagy 1978, Nemeth 1996, Stefanescu 2003) has shown the negative effect of long-term application of nitrogen as ammonium nitrate on soil reaction, which became more acidic and led to growth of mobile aluminum and manganese soil content, which can determine phitotoxicity in the first part of vegetative period, with negative influence on yield level and quality. 12
For a better knowledge of application effect on time of chemical fertilizers, manure and lime on soil chemistry was set up in the network of Agricultural Research Stations from Romania, long-term field experiments in different pedoclimatic conditions. This paper presents the results regarding the influence of NP chemical fertilizers, manure and lime on evolution of preluvosoil acidity. MATERIAL AND METHOD Experimental site: The research data was obtained at the Agricultural and Development Research Station Oradea, using a unique design in the all research network of Research Institute from Fundulea. The investigation has been carried out beginning with the autumn of 1974 in Oradea, in a flat plain area on the third terrace of the Crisul Repede river, whose geographical coordinates are: 21 0 56’ Eastern longitude, 47 0 03’ Northern latitude and 136 m altitude. The solidification rock consists of clay loam. The ground water is located at a depth of 6-8 m. the soil is a brown one with horizon disposition and the main physical and chemical characteristics are shown in table 1. The presence of clay migration, B horizon is to be remarked noticed on the thickness of the soil profile, with high and very high values of the bulk density and compaction level and low or very low total porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The soil reaction is acid in the ploughing A horizon, then slightly acid. The lack of CaCO3 in the soil profile is underlined. The mobile Al content in the A horizon may cause poor growth of some crops (clover). The soil is well provided with mobile potassium and phosphorus. The soil humus medium content may not cause distortions to the neutronic determination of the soil moisture. Soil depth cm Table 1: The main properties of the brown luvic soil from Oradea – Romania Sand Silt Clay OC Humus % Ca CO3 % Al mobile mg/100g soil PH 1:2 H2O N Total % P mobile ppm Kmobile ppm 0 - 5 43,5 28,3 28,2 1,25 2.32 0.00 3.68 6,3 0.12 21.8 83.0 5 - 15 41,8 28,4 29,8 1,12 2.28 0.00 2.32 6,4 0.11 22.7 102.1 15 - 30 40,0 28,5 31,5 1,02 1.91 0.00 0.52 6,3 0.09 5.7 112.1 30 - 60 32,0 28,0 40,0 0,99 1.93 0.00 0.77 6,6 0.09 6.1 117.9 60 - 90 24,1 36,7 39,2 0,29 0.00 0.32 6,6 90 - 150 35,1 27,3 37,6 0,17 0.00 0.59 6,5 The experimental factors in field experiments with NP fertilizers, manure and lime was: 1. Field experiment with NP was set up in 1974 was used from plants in follow crop rotation-pea-winter wheat-sunflower-maize P rates ware the same for each plant: 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg P2O5 ha -1 N rates were differentiated: For pea-N0, N25, N50, N75, N100, 13
Page 1 and 2: Joint Inte
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL FERT
Page 5 and 6: THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUPPLY, LIMI
Page 7 and 8: THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFE
Page 9 and 10: STUDIES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
Page 11: PREFACE With the general aims to co
Page 15 and 16: pH values pH values 8 6 pH values 6
Page 17 and 18: In the preluvosoil conditions the m
Page 19 and 20: REFERENCES Bedo, Z.- Lang, L. (1977
Page 21 and 22: mean (fixed, i.e. systematic effect
Page 23 and 24: 29% in the first 15 years of the ex
Page 25 and 26: Table 2. Variance and regression pa
Page 27 and 28: The b = 1.7 value recorded for Trea
Page 29 and 30: THE IMPACT OF PLANT BREEDING ON SEE
Page 31 and 32: modified pedigree breeding method,
Page 33 and 34: “Rigel” seed multiplication com
Page 35 and 36: The benefits of the cultivars bred
Page 37 and 38: ABSTRACT SOME LESSONS LEARNED FROM
Page 39 and 40: about 100 m above sea-level with ye
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Effect of treatments on so
Page 43 and 44: ammoniumlactate-soluble P2O5 and K2
Page 45 and 46: MODIS NDVI data from the Terra and
Page 47 and 48: NDVI 0,8 0,75 0,7 0,65 0,6 0,55 0,5
Page 49 and 50: The a*cos(2π*i/12) periodic compon
Page 51 and 52: RAINFALL, FERTILIZATION AND LIMING
Page 53 and 54: 1999 to 2006. The main experiment
Page 55 and 56: Jolánkai M. (2005): Effect of clim
Page 57 and 58: classified according to the soil te
Page 59 and 60: Relatív termés (100 NP/NPK), % 3.
Page 61 and 62: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was fina
Page 63 and 64:
Table 2. The oldest and most import
Page 65 and 66:
plan of the uniform countrywide fie
Page 67 and 68:
• The effect of climate change ca
Page 69 and 70:
MATERIALS AND METHODS An organic an
Page 71 and 72:
TOC % 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 bc b
Page 73 and 74:
The much better performance of the
Page 75 and 76:
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION IN LONG-TER
Page 77 and 78:
Carbon-dioxide and nitrous-oxide sa
Page 79 and 80:
Nitrous-oxide emission Nitrous-oxid
Page 81 and 82:
CH BC N2O = - 8,839 + 0,6904 * Mois
Page 83 and 84:
INFLUENCES OF AMELIORATIVE FERTILIZ
Page 85 and 86:
samples were measured by the ICP-AE
Page 87 and 88:
Table 3. Influences of ameliorative
Page 89 and 90:
Egner, H., Riehm, H., Domingo, W.R.
Page 91 and 92:
To resolve genetics of grain qualit
Page 93 and 94:
Table 2. Average values of analyzed
Page 95 and 96:
CROP ROTATION AND GREEN MANURE INFL
Page 97 and 98:
Organic Chemical Chemical fertiliza
Page 99 and 100:
Influence of the crop rotation and
Page 101 and 102:
REFERENCES 1. Budoi Gh., Penescu A.
Page 103 and 104:
MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimen
Page 105 and 106:
average of watered treatments resul
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Table 4: Changes in soil properties
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epetitions, where the main treatmen
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that usually conventional tillage h
Page 113 and 114:
RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE
Page 115 and 116:
Crop rotation Water regime Water re
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conditions. The values, registered
Page 119 and 120:
CRISANA -THE FIRST ROMANIAN WHEAT V
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In addition, we used recurent selec
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Table 2: The root length of some wh
Page 125 and 126:
Table 5: Productions and quality re
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EXPERIMENTS WITH PERENNIAL RYE (SEC
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green mass (6,8-7 t/ha/year dry mas
Page 131 and 132:
REFERENCES Kotvics G. (1963): A Sec
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een shown to cause leucoencephaloma
Page 135 and 136:
Marasas, W.F.O., Kellerman, W.C.A,
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minerals (Čuvanová et al. 2006).
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01/2). For the latest periods (fatt
Page 141 and 142:
1. GENERAL APPROACH TO EUROREGIONAL
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Association - fig. 2), on the other
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communication between the two assoc
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The juridical settlement of the Bih
Page 149 and 150:
EFFECT OF BORON FERTILIZATION ON AN
Page 151 and 152:
3. Examinations of fruit quality Fo
Page 153 and 154:
Fruit density was increased applyin
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Wills, R. B. H. - Lim, J. S. K. - G
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Nosticzius, 1992). Among these, soi
Page 159 and 160:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The dry mat
Page 161 and 162:
The amount of nitrogen uptake by th
Page 163 and 164:
ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUP
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exactly known due to the size of th
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Table 3: Dry matter production of p
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more definite in the non limed trea
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compare these levels with the Europ
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Table 3. Natural occurrence of myco
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CORRELATIONS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
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1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
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Table 3: Land use/ha 1960 1970 1980
Page 181 and 182:
RIDING TOURISM IN THE NORTHERN GREA
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visitors belonging to all types of
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Concerning the weather long autumn
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2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 6
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technical supervision of the Debrec
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TISSUE CULTURE METHODS FOR SCREENIN
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symptoms could be observable in the
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experiments the other clones and we
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Shoot culture
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that callus induction and developme
Page 201 and 202:
COMBINING ABILITY STUDIES IN A SEVE
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Table 1: Mean squares of GCA and SC
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combination. We could not obtained
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SUSTAINABLE LAND-USE BASED ON WESTS
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green manure treatment, where lupin
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In Westsik's crop rotation experime
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Crop rotation breaks the weed and i
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The reliability of the method was c
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The increased phosphorus rates incr
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REFERENCES Basha S.M, Roberts R.M (
Page 221 and 222:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Sandy soils w
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AL soluble Ca (mg/kg) 350 300 250 2
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gradually from soils containing 100
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agriculture in Hungary, especially
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according to the treatments. Obtain
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Table 4: Results of regression anal
Page 233 and 234:
From obtained data, it can be estab
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Tops soil (0-30 cm) samples were ta
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Table 5: Impact fertilizing and lim
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COMPOSTED SLAUGHTERHOUSE BY-PRODUCT
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The mature compost became friable,
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maximal yield could be reached at 5
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unfavourable years. 100-200 t/ha do
Page 247 and 248:
THE EFFECT OF BENTONITE ON SPECIFIC
Page 249 and 250:
RESULTS The effect of treatments on
Page 251 and 252:
dosages significantly reduced the a
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DISCUSSION In our experiments, we f
Page 255 and 256:
INVESTIGATION OF MINERAL CONTENT IN
Page 257 and 258:
Element Ammonium-nitrate Superphosp
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According to our results, the effec
Page 261 and 262:
REFERENCES Debreczeni, B., Debrecze
Page 263 and 264:
micronutrient soil tests for many y
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LE and KCl-EDTA extracted similar a
Page 267 and 268:
Table 4. Correlation coefficient be
Page 269 and 270:
YIELD OF RYE AS AFFECTED BY THE CRO
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Table 2: Mean temperature at Nyíre
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It was found that either way of app
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2 The main modification properties
Page 277 and 278:
4 Table 2: Percent of alfalfa and-
Page 279 and 280:
THE IMPORTANCE OF LONG-TERM FIELD E
Page 281 and 282:
essential to the determination of t
Page 283 and 284:
The comparison of the nutrient cont
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environment for three years, then t
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PC 2 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 V2 V5
Page 289 and 290:
Figure 2: Genetic similarity among
Page 291 and 292:
Frenot, Y., Aubry, M., Misset, M. T
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Three foliar fertilizations were do
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CONCLUSIONS The rigorous experiment
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some pathogen agents, a chemical an
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� The pH decrease in the greenhou
Page 301 and 302:
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS 1. The pro
Page 303 and 304:
may employ (wheat) flour produced f
Page 305 and 306:
For the conditions in from Western
Page 307 and 308:
Yield losses millet hay (%) 80 70 6
Page 309 and 310:
- 0,6093) and extremely significant
Page 311 and 312:
CONCLUSIONS The experimental field
Page 313 and 314:
Evaluation of effect of fertilizati
Page 315 and 316:
Table 3: Dry matter content of pars
Page 317 and 318:
On sandy soil, the total N content
Page 319 and 320:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFE
Page 321 and 322:
Bacillus megatherium soil bacteria,
Page 323 and 324:
N content of plant: Studying the ni
Page 325 and 326:
chernozem soil in all pots either.
Page 327 and 328:
THE INFLUENCE OF USING BIOLOGICAL A
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2. The influence of using inoculant
Page 331 and 332:
Table 3: The evolution of weight ga
Page 333 and 334:
REFERENCES 4. Anon D.L. (1997): - S
Page 335 and 336:
chernozem represents the dominant s
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AD% AD% 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 T
Page 339 and 340:
Negative reaction was recorded in t
Page 341 and 342:
The Tentant variety positively reac
Page 343 and 344:
Table 1. The density of harmful pes
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vegetation period, without affectin
Page 347 and 348:
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING FORMA
Page 349 and 350:
3:1 to 5:3 . In the following exper
Page 351 and 352:
REFERENCES 1. Bartzokas, C. A., K.
Page 353 and 354:
For micro-elements, EDTA+KCl 15 tim
Page 355 and 356:
Ca CO3(%) = AL − Cax2,5 10000 EDT
Page 357 and 358:
ABSTRACT BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION O
Page 359 and 360:
profiles were typical for catena po
Page 361 and 362:
Table 2: Collembola species composi
Page 363 and 364:
Larsen, T., P. Schjonning, J. Axels
Page 365 and 366:
The alimentary problem has constitu
Page 367 and 368:
Table 3. The average annual consump
Page 369 and 370:
FROM FARM TO FORK - EVALUATION OF C
Page 371 and 372:
we made a deeper vertical sampling
Page 373 and 374:
Although the toxic element content
Page 375 and 376:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supp
Page 377 and 378:
l/mp 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. 3 M
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during this period, though not so s
Page 381 and 382:
• the pluviometric regime was als
Page 383 and 384:
1. Specific weight was study accord
Page 385 and 386:
Table 4. Absolut weight MA g result
Page 387 and 388:
Very significant decrease are in V4
Page 389 and 390:
OCEAN DYNAMICS: AIR-SEA INTERFACE G
Page 391 and 392:
∂ C Φ = - ε (3) ∂z where Φ i
Page 393 and 394:
n = - 1 ⁄ 2 [1]-[4]. The later mo
Page 395 and 396:
elucidated yet. We must also imply
Page 397 and 398:
RESEARCHES ON THE QUICK METHOD OF S
Page 399 and 400:
SU8 = (Za/QB) - 100; C8 = (Z8/P8) -
Page 401 and 402:
There are the following calculation
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- preheaters - towards condensation
Page 405 and 406:
Circulation speed of the concentrat
Page 407 and 408:
RESEARCH ON SEEDING AGENTS TO EFFEC
Page 409 and 410:
• about 160 porcelain balls havin
Page 411 and 412:
For the crystal mass the following
Page 413 and 414:
WATER DIFFUSION IN BREAD DURING BAK
Page 415 and 416:
RESULTS Temperature distribution: W
Page 417 and 418:
During the chemical changes the por
Page 419 and 420:
CONCLUSIONS The water content in th
Page 421 and 422:
those portions that are not, are no
Page 423 and 424:
Tension: For bread prepared under l
Page 425 and 426:
obscured. It has been stated that r
Page 427 and 428:
THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE P
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It was marked with AI the area of t
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mcb [g] mcb [g] mcb [g] 0,040 0,030
Page 433 and 434:
The calculation of engines with spa
Page 435 and 436:
THE VARIATION OF EFFECTIVE POWER AN
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437
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ce [g/kW h] 400.019 350.019 300.019
Page 441 and 442:
THE EFFECT OF THE GENOTYPE AND EXPL
Page 443 and 444:
) The cultures were incubated at cc
Page 445 and 446:
% embryogenic inductio 60 50 40 30
Page 447 and 448:
Table 1 The three way Anova type 3x
Page 449 and 450:
Table 4 The effect of developmental
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was the explant type (the developme
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ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE TESTS FOR SEPA
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Column extraction (Beck, H. and Mat
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Fat Percentage Fat percentage 4.4 4
Page 459 and 460:
HIGHLIGHTING THE STATE OF FRESHNESS
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REFERENCES 1. Eftimie V.M. Particul
Page 463 and 464:
In table 1 the results obtained as
Page 465 and 466:
FORENSIC ASPECTS REGARDING DISASTER
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• depositing the bodies and the e
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FORM NO. 3 ITEM IDENTIFICATION Pers
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- utilised in a biogas processing p
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Viscosity [◦E] 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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As in any other cyclic, infectious,
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usually incompatible with life or c
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The family doctors must be informed
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2. botulism of inoculation-through
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The repartition of the provenience
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3. The patients hospitalizations mo
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possibility that, due to the chelat
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difference of extinction % 120 100
Page 491 and 492:
Horváth E., Szalai G., Pál m., P
Page 493 and 494:
chlorophyll contents and the values
Page 495 and 496:
Table 1.Estimative mean values for
Page 497 and 498:
TREE GROWTH EQUATIONS IN DIFFERENT
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Image no.1 ImageTool programme was
Page 501 and 502:
Following the results obtained, the
Page 503 and 504:
ms. The placement of the areas was
Page 505 and 506:
Another possible simulated break in
Page 507 and 508:
- distribution after break case 2 y
Page 509 and 510:
THE FREQUENCY OF DAYS WITH DIFFEREN
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200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120
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October, and at higher altitudes (0
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5. The frequency of tropical days r
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At the same time, the genesis of fl
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winter the floods frequency has sma
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% 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 I II III IV V
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RESEARCH REGARDING MAIN CHEMICAL RE
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• Ensuring the juice’ thermal s
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mud which is evacuated out of the p
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MATERIALS AND METHOD Apparatus Clea
Page 531 and 532:
THE IMPORTANCE OF VOLATILE N-NITROS
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The fat cooked out of some of the b
Page 535 and 536:
A problem concerning the formation
Page 537 and 538:
Sample 3, found to contain 343 ppb
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LUNG CANCER CAUSED BY SMOKING AND C
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µg/g dry weight). The pulmonary Cd
Page 543 and 544:
MATERIALS AND METHOD Apparatus and
Page 545 and 546:
for either TLC or reverse-phase LC
Page 547 and 548:
trigger still other responses. In t
Page 549 and 550:
these general patterns appear to be
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The question of determining a “sa
Page 553 and 554:
CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECT
Page 555 and 556:
Figure 3.-Life Cycle of Echinococcu
Page 557 and 558:
that the values are 1 case at 600.0
Page 559 and 560:
Paraclinical data From the laborato
Page 561 and 562:
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF STERIG
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Column Chromatography Loosely place
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that spot intensity could be regene
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its metabolism by oxidative pathway
Page 569 and 570:
Exposure time weeks 1 2 3 Table 2.
Page 571 and 572:
attempted accommodation to the diet
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series, a dose of 0.5 ppm NDMA was
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At 500 ppb and at all higher doses,
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supernatants by a modified cadmium
Page 579 and 580:
adioimmunoassay and by cadmium satu
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• The intermediary form appears b
Page 583 and 584:
sex. In fact, there are no data in
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SOME ASPECTS OF SHELTER REGENERATIO
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In the following lines it is presen
Page 589 and 590:
Număr de arbori 160 140 120 100 80
Page 591 and 592:
Analysing the data presented in the
Page 593 and 594:
WASTEWATER TREATMENT TEHNOLOGIES OF
Page 595 and 596:
As a result of the comparisons betw
Page 597 and 598:
CONCLUSIONS Anaerobe-aerobe treatme
Page 599 and 600:
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT USING CONSTRUC
Page 601 and 602:
characterized by marshy plants like
Page 603 and 604:
watersurface, but their roots are t
Page 605 and 606:
• Which of the heavy metals that
Page 607 and 608:
Figure 2 shows that Cd also is conc
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