Bladder cancer - European Society for Medical Oncology
Bladder cancer - European Society for Medical Oncology
Bladder cancer - European Society for Medical Oncology
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Ionizing irradiation<br />
A type of radiation made (or given off ) by X‐ray* procedures, radioactive substances, rays that enter<br />
the Earth's atmosphere from outer space, and other sources. At high doses, ionizing radiation<br />
increases chemical activity inside cells and can lead to health risks, including <strong>cancer</strong>.<br />
Immunotherapy<br />
Treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight <strong>cancer</strong>, infections, and other<br />
diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects* that may be caused by some <strong>cancer</strong> treatments.<br />
Agents used in immunotherapy include monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, and vaccines. These<br />
agents may also have a direct antitumor effect. Also called biological response modifier therapy,<br />
biological therapy, biotherapy, and BRM therapy.<br />
Lamina propria<br />
The lamina propria is a thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium* and<br />
together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa*. The term mucosa (or mucous membrane)<br />
always refers to the combination of the epithelium plus the lamina propria.<br />
Lymph node<br />
A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph<br />
nodes filter lymph and they store lymphocytes. They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called<br />
lymph gland.<br />
Lymphedema<br />
A condition in which extra lymph fluid builds up in tissues and causes swelling. It may occur in an arm<br />
or leg if lymph vessels are blocked, damaged, or removed by surgery.<br />
Macroscopic invasion<br />
Extension of <strong>cancer</strong> to the adjacent tissues visible to the naked eye.<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)<br />
An imaging technique that is used in medicine. It uses magnetic resonance. Sometimes, a fluid is<br />
injected that enhances the contrast between different tissues to make structures more clearly<br />
visible.<br />
Metastasis<br />
The spread of <strong>cancer</strong> from one part of the body to another. A tumor <strong>for</strong>med by cells that have spread<br />
is called a metastatic tumor or a metastasis. The metastatic tumor contains cells that are like those in<br />
the original tumor.<br />
Micrometastasis<br />
Small numbers of <strong>cancer</strong> cells that have spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body<br />
and are too few to be picked up in a screening or diagnostic test.<br />
Microscopic invasion<br />
Extension of the <strong>cancer</strong> cells to adjacent tissues, evident only under a microscope.<br />
<strong>Bladder</strong> <strong>cancer</strong>: a guide <strong>for</strong> patients‐ In<strong>for</strong>mation based on ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines ‐v.2012.1 Page 24<br />
This document is provided by Reliable Cancer Therapies with the permission of ESMO.<br />
The in<strong>for</strong>mation in this document does not replace a medical consultation. It is <strong>for</strong> personal use only and cannot be modified,<br />
reproduced or disseminated in any way without written permission from ESMO and Reliable Cancer Therapies.
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