Bladder cancer - European Society for Medical Oncology

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Stage Definition (see figure of the bladder wall below) Category Stage 0a Non‐invasive papillary carcinoma: the tumor is confined to the innermost cell layers of the bladder lining (the epithelium*) Stage 0is Carcinoma in situ, also referred to as flat tumor: a high‐grade tumor that is confined to the innermost cell layers of the bladder lining (the epithelium*) Stage I The tumor invades the deeper connective tissues of the bladder lining (the lamina propria*) Non‐ muscle invasive bladder cancer Stage II The tumor invades the muscle of the bladder. Stage II is divided into 2 stages: T2a: the tumor invades the inner half of the muscle of the bladder T2b: the tumor invades the outer half of the muscle of the bladder Muscle‐ Stage III The tumor invades the tissues surrounding the bladder. Stage III is divided into 3 stages: T3a: microscopic invasion* T3b: macroscopic invasion* T4a: invasion of organs surrounding the bladder: the prostate* in men, the uterus and/or vagina in women Stage IV The tumor invades the pelvic wall and/or abdominal wall or The tumor is accompanied by metastasis* in lymph node(s) or in an organ at a distance from the bladder invasive bladder cancer Advanced and metastatic disease Layers of the bladder wall showing the mucosa* (the bladder lining consisting of the epithelium* and lamina propria*) and the muscle layers. Bladder cancer: a guide for patients‐ Information based on ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines ‐v.2012.1 Page 10 This document is provided by Reliable Cancer Therapies with the permission of ESMO. The information in this document does not replace a medical consultation. It is for personal use only and cannot be modified, reproduced or disseminated in any way without written permission from ESMO and Reliable Cancer Therapies.
• Results of the biopsy* The tissue of the tumor biopsy is examined in the laboratory by a pathologist*. This examination is called histopathology*. If surgery is performed after cystoscopy*, histopathological examination involves the examination of the tumor and the lymph nodes* removed during surgery. This is very important to confirm the results of the initial findings and to provide more information on the stage of the cancer. The results of the examination of the biopsy include: o Histological type* The histological type refers to the type of cells that compose the tumor. About 90% of bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas*. The remaining 10% are predominantly squamous cell carcinomas* and adenocarcinomas*. Other histological types are very rare. � Transitional cell carcinoma*, also called urothelial carcinoma: tumor that arises from the transitional epithelium*. The transitional epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells that can change shape as the bladder stretches and that line the inner most wall of the bladder. � Squamous cell carcinoma*: tumor that arises from the transitional epithelium but that consists exclusively of thin, flat cells called squamous cells. � Adenocarcinoma*: tumor that arises from cells in the glands of the inner lining of the bladder. o Grade* The grade is determined on the basis of how different the tumor cells look from the cells normally found in a healthy bladder lining. The abnormal features indicate the rate at which the cells multiply and the degree to which they are invasive. For bladder cancer there are 4 different grades: � Papilloma: a tumor composed of non‐malignant cells. � Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP): a tumor composed of non‐malignant cells typically covered with a thickened layer of transitional epithelium*. � Urothelial carcinoma low grade: a malignant tumor that grows slowly and is unlikely to spread. � Urothelial carcinoma high grade: a malignant tumor that grows faster and that is more likely to spread. Bladder cancer: a guide for patients‐ Information based on ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines ‐v.2012.1 Page 11 This document is provided by Reliable Cancer Therapies with the permission of ESMO. The information in this document does not replace a medical consultation. It is for personal use only and cannot be modified, reproduced or disseminated in any way without written permission from ESMO and Reliable Cancer Therapies.
Page 1 and 2: BLADDER CANCER: A GUIDE FOR PATIENT
Page 3 and 4: DEFINITION OF BLADDER CANCER This d
Page 5 and 6: WHAT CAUSES BLADDER CANCER? Today,
Page 7 and 8: HOW IS BLADDER CANCER DIAGNOSED? Bl
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Bladder cancer - European Society for Medical Oncology

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