Fighter Combat - Tactics and Maneuvering

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FIGHTER WEAPONS NON-MANEUVERING LOOK-UP REQUIRED MANEUVERING MINIMUM RANGE LOOK-UP REQUIRED TARGET HOT SIDE COLD SIDE HOT SIDE Figure 1-9. Typical Missile Envelopes COLD SIDE LOW FUZING PROBABILITY LOOK-UP REQUIRED 47 MAXIMUM RANGE LOW FUZING PROBABILITY
48 FIGHTER WEAPONS The maneuvering envelope illustrates the same conditions, with the target still flying toward the top of the page, except this time the target begins a level left-hand turn just as the missile is launched and continues this turn throughout the missile TOF. The diagram is labelled "hot side" and "cold side" to define the target's direction of turn. The labels "inside the turn" or "outside the turn" also could have been used. These terms reflect initial conditions only (i.e., the instant of missile launch), as the cold and hot sides rotate with the target aircraft as it turns. An observer on the hot side of the turn at any point normally would be looking at the top of the target aircraft, while on the cold side he would have a belly view. The maneuvering aerodynamic max-range envelope is highly asymmetrical, with the hot-side range being much greater than the range on the cold side, as the timing of the turn is such that the target essentially is flying out to meet missiles fired from its left side, and flying away from those initially coming from the right. By choosing the direction and rate of turn, the target can exert tremendous influence on this max-range envelope. The minrange boundary is also affected, expanding somewhat on the hot side, but not to as great an extent. The regions of the envelope requiring look-up are greatly expanded in the maneuvering case. A missile fired from these regions would have to pass through the target's beam area before intercept could occur, greatly increasing the chances of losing target track in clutter, especially if it was looking down. These regions comprise a considerable portion of the entire kinematic envelope, particularly at longer ranges, and serve to emphasize the importance of look-up when employing this type of missile against maneuvering targets. The fuze-limited regions are also increased somewhat in the maneuvering case. A missile launched in one of these regions would intercept the target at close to a beam aspect, either hot side or cold side, with low probability of warhead damage. Also note that all max-range limits have been reduced to below the seeker-sensitivity limit, so that restriction does not affect this case. These envelopes are already confusing, but a full picture of the capabilities of this missile would require many such charts to cover a wide range of possible target maneuvers, shooter/target speeds, and altitudes. In addition, a single fighter may carry two or three different kinds of missiles, all with widely differing operating characteristics and envelopes. Envelope recognition, therefore, becomes one of the major difficulties in AAM employment. Even if the fighter pilot could draw each envelope from memory, how would he determine the vital parameters necessary to decide which envelope was valid (including target speed and turn rate) and his position within that envelope (including range and target aspect)? Probably the most workable solution to this problem is to equip the fighter with a tracking radar system and a fire-control computer. Such systems can accurately assess and display to the pilot the missile's aerodynamic capabilities, and as many of the other limits as might be deemed desirable, almost instantaneously. Most modern fighters have such systems. In order to make inputs to the fire-control computer it is necessary that
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Fighter Combat TACTICS AND MANEUVER
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Preface ix Acknowledgments xv Abbre
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CONTENTS Vll Single-Side Offset 353
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X PREFACE tactics varied greatly, a
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Xll PREFACE current void of informa
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Acknowledgments Much of the credit
Page 16 and 17: Abbreviations AAA anti-aircraft art
Page 18: Fighter Combat TACTICS AND MANEUVER
Page 21 and 22: 2 FIGHTER WEAPONS although fixed to
Page 23 and 24: 4 FIGHTER WEAPONS some firing range
Page 25 and 26: Table 1-1. American Aircraft Guns T
Page 27 and 28: 8 FIGHTER WEAPONS angle is also dep
Page 29 and 30: 10 FIGHTER WEAPONS the ballistics o
Page 31 and 32: 12 HGHTER WEAPONS often bars of lig
Page 33 and 34: 14 FIGHTER WEAPONS This system has
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Page 37 and 38: 18 FIGHTER WEAPONS With a disturbed
Page 39 and 40: 20 FIGHTER WEAPONS We were both fly
Page 41 and 42: 22 FIGHTER WEAPONS The predictor LC
Page 43 and 44: 24 FIGHTER WEAPONS The next best th
Page 45 and 46: 26 FIGHTER WEAPONS tracking G, shor
Page 47 and 48: 28 FIGHTER WEAPONS defender's inten
Page 49 and 50: 30 FIGHTER WEAPONS and acrobatic ma
Page 51 and 52: 32 FIGHTER WEAPONS Missile Propulsi
Page 53 and 54: 34 FIGHTER WEAPONS Missile Guidance
Page 55 and 56: 36 FIGHTER WEAPONS straight path. T
Page 57 and 58: 38 FIGHTER WEAPONS target to correc
Page 59 and 60: 40 FIGHTER WEAPONS sensor systems,
Page 61 and 62: 42 FIGHTER WEAPONS Since CW radars
Page 63 and 64: 44 FIGHTER WEAPONS Missile Fuzes Th
Page 65: 46 FIGHTER WEAPONS prised of many i
Page 69 and 70: 50 FIGHTER WEAPONS racy being about
Page 71 and 72: 52 FIGHTER WEAPONS then slowing the
Page 73 and 74: 54 FIGHTER WEAPONS Shooter and targ
Page 75 and 76: 56 FIGHTER WEAPONS will exhibit lar
Page 77 and 78: 58 FIGHTER WEAPONS (RWR), that an e
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Page 81 and 82: 2 Basic Fighter Maneuvers I fly clo
Page 83 and 84: 64 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS the comb
Page 85 and 86: 66 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS himself
Page 87 and 88: 68 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS speed ad
Page 89 and 90: 70 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS pursuit
Page 91 and 92: 72 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS Figure 2
Page 93 and 94: 74 Figure 2-7. Low Yo-Yo BASIC FIGH
Page 95 and 96: 76 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS The pote
Page 99 and 100: 80 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS In case
Page 101 and 102: 82 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS capitali
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Page 111 and 112: 92 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS subseque
Page 113 and 114: 94 Figure 2-22. Defensive Spiral BA
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3 One-versus-One Maneuvering, Simil
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100 ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, SIM
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140 ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, DIS
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1 70 ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, DI
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196 SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE
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206 SECTION TACTICS. TWOVERSUS-ONE
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210 SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-ONE
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226 SECTION TACTICS/ TWOVERSUS-ONE
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Section Tactics, Two-versus-Two The
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238 SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO
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256 SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-TWO
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7 Division Tactics The essence of l
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268 DIVISION TACTICS design began t
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270 DIVISION TACTICS so called beca
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272 DIVISION TACTICS "4." At time "
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274 DIVISION TACTICS Figure 7-8. Se
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276 DIVISION TACTICS Lieutenant Eug
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278 DIVISION TACTICS away, the free
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280 DIVISION TACTICS cloud) is now
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282 DIVISION TACTICS Figure 7-13. G
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284 DIVISION TACTICS defensive look
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286 DIVISION TACTICS In a dog-fight
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288 DIVISION TACTICS Americans empl
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8 Unlimited-Aircraft Tactics Of cou
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292 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS seve
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294 UN LIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS the
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296 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS beca
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298 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS I de
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300 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS post
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302 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS many
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304 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS poss
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306 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS posi
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308 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS may
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310 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS inte
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312 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS A go
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314 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS doct
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Fighter Missions To use a fighter a
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318 FIGHTER MISSIONS Scenarios Sinc
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320 FIGHTER MISSIONS altitude, deta
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322 FIGHTER MISSIONS agency and the
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324 FIGHTER MISSIONS As previously
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326 FIGHTER MISSIONS cruise missile
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328 FIGHTER MISSIONS pattern gives
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330 FIGHTER MISSIONS have to coordi
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332 FIGHTER MISSIONS can be turned
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334 FIGHTER MISSIONS the enemy. Suc
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336 FIGHTER MISSIONS aircraft, and
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338 FIGHTER MISSIONS point for a di
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340 FIGHTER MISSIONS become major t
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342 Figure 9-3. Fighter-Escort Miss
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344 FIGHTER MISSIONS Figure 9-6. Fi
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10 Tactical Intercepts Confront the
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348 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS Figure 10-1
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350 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS desired alt
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352 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS If the turn
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356 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS range). If
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358 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS ment, and t
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360 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS Advantages
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364 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS leader thro
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366 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS immediate l
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368 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS awareness),
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370 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS and positio
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372 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS low, traili
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376 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS also have t
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378 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS Visual Scan
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380 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS Likely thre
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382 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS be best for
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384 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS target on t
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Appendix Fighter Performance Perfor
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APPENDIX Figure A-l. V-n Diagram di
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APPENDIX 391 Figure A-2. Aircraft T
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APPENDIX 393 Figure A-4. Instantane
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APPENDIX 395 neuverability may be d
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APPENDIX 397 Figure A-7. Engine Thr
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APPENDIX 399 tends to reduce pressu
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APPENDIX 401 Figure A-11. Typical H
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APPENDIX 403 cause the Ps = 0 line
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APPENDIX 405 In theory the energy t
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APPENDIX 407 aircraft surfaces. In
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APPENDIX 409 Outside the zero-Ps li
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APPENDIX 411 factor," which is the
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APPENDIX 413 this condition occurs,
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APPENDIX 415 speed control. Many of
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APPENDIX 417 short or swept wings a
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420 BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson, Robert S.
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422 INDEX Canard controls, 32, 398
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424 High yo-yo. See Yo-yo, high H-M
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426 INDEX Pursuit: curves and traje
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428 INDEX Turns (continued] 191, 20
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Fighter Combat - Tactics and Maneuvering

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