Fighter Combat - Tactics and Maneuvering

TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 383
lead to 30-mile tallys. Varied backgrounds, such as scattered clouds against
a dark surface, or a variegated landscape, are often good for hiding against,
since a high-contrast object is less noticeable with them. About the only
uniform background that makes for a good approach is clear blue sky, since
this presents the enemy with a focusing problem. Of course, whenever
practical, the fighter's nose can be pointed directly toward the bogey to
present the smallest possible profile view when the fighter is within visual
range. Alternatively, collision-course intercept geometry can be used to
reduce relative motion with the target, making detection by the enemy's
peripheral vision less likely.
One condition that can effectively destroy the effects of even the best
camouflage is low-level flight over a light-colored homogeneous surface on
a sunny day. Even an aircraft as high as 2,000 or 3,000 ft may leave a nice
black shadow on such a surface to attract the enemy's attention. Once
alerted, the enemy can use spot-scanning techniques to pick up the actual
aircraft in the near vicinity of the shadow. Darker or variegated surfaces
generally do not present this problem. If he is forced to fly under these
conditions, however, the pilot should carefully watch the surface for
hostile shadows. It works both ways. This can be a useful defensive
technique.
Other visual considerations in the approach are contrails and engine
smoke. Little needs to be said about the effect of contrails on visual
detection range, since probably everyone has seen airliners a hundred
miles away. The contrail level simply must be avoided. Smoke can also be
a very serious problem, as heavy smoke trails can be seen for twenty to
thirty miles under some conditions, especially against light backgrounds.
In addition to selecting a darker background and engine operating conditions
that minimize smoke (discussed in a previous chapter), avoiding
collision-course intercept geometry can also help. A fighter on a collision
course tends to remain in one spot in the sky when viewed by the enemy,
so the smoke trail appears to be concentrated behind the fighter and
becomes darker and more noticeable. An early displacement turn away
from the bogey's flight path, and stern-conversion geometry, can make the
trail appear thinner and make it more difficult to see against lighter
backgrounds.
Summary
The purpose for presenting many sample intercepts here is to acquaint the
tactician with the various intercept concepts currently in use and to
provide a selection of tactics from which to choose in a given tactical
scenario. The first quality of any intercept tactic which must be considered
is controllability: the reasonable assurance that the intercept can be completed
in some manner. The factors involved here are both geometry and
complexity. Stern-conversion and FQ intercepts, for instance, may be
missed altogether if the bogey jinks away. The stern conversion is also
generally more difficult to perform effectively than some others, and it
may require a speed advantage over the target. Probably the easiest intercept
to run is a pure-pursuit course, where the fighter simply holds the