POLITICS VERSUS SCIENCE: APPORTIONING ... - Buffalo State

Table 1: EU Policy Implementation
IMPLEMENTING
APPROACHES
Time Period
(Prevalent)
Decision-making
Processes
Harmonization
1957-1992
(EEC)
Examples Single Market (health
and safety)
Key Actors Comitology existed,
but not clarified until
1987 Council
decision 3 ; Courts;
National
Administrations
Comitology
(Advisory, Regulatory,
Management) 4
1987-Current
(SEA/EC); Since EEC for
Agricuture
Comitology/ Agency (14)
(Regulatory, Management) and
Independent Agencies
(Advisory) 4
1990-Current
Regulatory Agencies (1)
-------------
Commission Advisory
Committee
1995
------
1992 SEM, Competition
Consensus Consensus, Majority, QMV QMV in Comitology Committees Subject to review by two
comitology committees 2
JHA European Food and Safety Agency
Council within Commission Council within Commission;
Outside Experts Working at
Independent Agencies; National
States Represented on Advisory
and Management Boards of
Independent Agencies
European Agency for the
Evaluation of Medicinal
Products (EMEA)
----------
Competition Policy
Experts; Commission has the
power to overrule all
regulatory action of EMEA
Network Manager(s) None Commission Commission & Agency Commission & Agency
Transparency Low Low Medium High
Inner Dynamic Trust, Invisible Hand Network of Professionals & Network of Professionals & Rule of Law and Enforcement
Interest Groups
Interest Groups with Central
Clearing House
Capacity
This varies by point of view
Accountability 1
Notes to Table One:
1
For instance, since the Santer Commission, the European Parliament has shifted its position from viewing independent agencies as more accountable than the
Commission to one in which it views the Commission as the more accountable body (Buonanno and Nugent 2002). 2 Dehousse (1997, 256). 3 Nugent (2003,
136). 4 Approximation replaced harmonization and the EU turned increasingly to European and international standardization agencies. There are 15 EU agencies
(http://europa.eu.int/agencies/index_en.htm).