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Other Repurposed Biological Cytokine Mediators? • When tissue injury and skin inflammation ensue, chronic inflammatory signals are released from surrounding cells at the peripheral nerve terminal and lead to the sensitization of the nociceptors. • Such factors include, but are not limited to, adenosine and its related mono- or polyphosphorylated compounds (AMP, ADP and ATP), bradykinin, glutamate, histamine, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, nerve growth factor, platelet-activating factor, prostaglandin E2, substance P and tumor-necrosis factor-α. 94 Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol 10, Jan 2009 Inflammation © Defined Health, 2009 Pain Insight Briefing TNF IL-1 NGF TRPV-1 Potential to repurpose cytokine mediators inhibitors for the treatment and/or modulation of pain?

What’s Next for Pain? • Continued efforts to improve on current standard of care. • Increasing use of experimental/translational methodologies for early clinical PoC (e.g., neuroimaging). • Big pharma focus on novel mechanisms. • More biologicals targeting pain mediators. 95 © Defined Health, 2009 Pain Insight Briefing

What’s Next for Pain?<br />

• Continued efforts to improve on current standard of care.<br />

• Increasing use of experimental/translational methodologies for early<br />

clinical PoC (e.g., neuroimaging).<br />

• Big pharma focus on novel mechanisms.<br />

• More biologicals targeting pain mediators.<br />

95<br />

© Defined Health, 2009<br />

Pain Insight Briefing

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