Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy - Ludwig von Mises ...
Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy - Ludwig von Mises ... Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy - Ludwig von Mises ...
Army Pearl Harbor Board 487 clock on the wall and at my watch.” Th e long Japanese reply was on Marshall’s desk when he came in. Marshall read it and then “a discussion of the entire communication” ensued. 168 Bratton urged the APHB to obtain, not only the Japanese reply to the U.S. November 26 “ultimatum,” but also the 30 or 40 other messages which preceded it; that is, the exchanges between the Ambassador in Washington and the foreign minister in Tokyo. . . . And consider the picture that lay before all of our policy-making and planning offi cials, from the Secretary of State down through the Secretary of War, to the Chief of the War Plans Division. Th ey all had the same picture; and it was a picture that was being painted over a period of weeks, if not months. 169 APHB Obtains Japanese Intercepts – Finally! On October 6, 1944, the board gained access to the 45 to 50 intercepts requested. 170 After it actually had the intercepts in hand, it questioned a few fi nal witnesses and then its proceedings were concluded. The Army Pearl Harbor Board Report Th e APHB’s hearings and those of the NCI had run concurrently, the NCI from July 24 through September 27, 1944, the APHB from August 7 through October 6. Th e NCI report was dated October 19, that of the APHB, October 20, 1944. 171 168Ibid., pp. 2419, 2420, 2422. 169Ibid., p. 2424. 170Ibid., p. 2449. For list of documents, see ibid., pp. 2456–57; for documents themselves, see part 31, pp. 3235–58. 171Ibid., part 39, pp. 23–178, APHB Report, October 20, 1944; ibid., pp. 179–230, Appendix to Report; ibid., pp. 231–69, Judge Advocate General (Major General) Myron C. Cramer’s analyses.
488 Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy Th e APHB issued a detailed report describing the background of the attack, the situation in Washington and in Hawaii, and the responsibilities of the several offi cials. It had brought out in the course of its hearings several signifi cant points not previously covered in depth: a. Th e Army was clearly responsible for the defense of the fl eet when it was at its home base in Pearl Harbor; b. Given the instructions he had received, Short appeared justifi ed in ordering Alert #1 for sabotage; c. Short’s Washington superior commander, Marshall, was obviously familiar with Short’s system of alerts and should have notifi ed Short if his order for a sabotage alert, issued in response to Washington’s November 27 warning, was not considered adequate; d. Short had been told very little about the crisis that Washington offi cialdom knew was looming; e. Th e attack on Pearl Harbor apparently took everyone by surprise, not only in Hawaii but also in Washington. Offi cials both in Washington and Hawaii had expected the fi rst Japanese strike would be in the western Pacifi c or southeast Asia and, quite likely, the Phillippines. f. Two witnesses—Kimmel and Saff ord—revealed that, as a result of decoded Japanese intercepts, Washington offi - cials had had access to considerable intelligence concerning Japanese intentions, which was not furnished the Hawaiian commanders. Th e APHB was impressed by the quantity and quality of the intelligence available in Washington. Th e record shows that from informers and other sources the War Department had complete and detailed information of Japanese intentions. Information of the evident Japanese intention to go to war in the very near future was well known to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War,
- Page 459 and 460: 436 Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fru
- Page 461 and 462: 438 Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fru
- Page 464 and 465: 441 22. Army Pearl Harbor Board The
- Page 466 and 467: Army Pearl Harbor Board 443 attack
- Page 468 and 469: Army Pearl Harbor Board 445 the Haw
- Page 470 and 471: Army Pearl Harbor Board 447 interpr
- Page 472 and 473: Army Pearl Harbor Board 449 a grave
- Page 474 and 475: Army Pearl Harbor Board 451 been so
- Page 476 and 477: Army Pearl Harbor Board 453 Grunert
- Page 478 and 479: Army Pearl Harbor Board 455 view of
- Page 480 and 481: Army Pearl Harbor Board 457 positio
- Page 482 and 483: Army Pearl Harbor Board 459 then di
- Page 484 and 485: Army Pearl Harbor Board 461 of furt
- Page 486 and 487: Army Pearl Harbor Board 463 And he
- Page 488 and 489: Army Pearl Harbor Board 465 (2) Wha
- Page 490 and 491: Army Pearl Harbor Board 467 they co
- Page 492 and 493: Army Pearl Harbor Board 469 However
- Page 494 and 495: Army Pearl Harbor Board 471 Saturda
- Page 496 and 497: Army Pearl Harbor Board 473 the pre
- Page 498 and 499: Army Pearl Harbor Board 475 APHB me
- Page 500 and 501: Army Pearl Harbor Board 477 they ha
- Page 502 and 503: Army Pearl Harbor Board 479 By “t
- Page 504 and 505: Army Pearl Harbor Board 481 Marshal
- Page 506 and 507: Army Pearl Harbor Board 483 of the
- Page 508 and 509: Army Pearl Harbor Board 485 Departm
- Page 512 and 513: Army Pearl Harbor Board 489 the Chi
- Page 514 and 515: Army Pearl Harbor Board 491 so crit
- Page 516 and 517: 493 23. The Navy Court of Inquiry (
- Page 518 and 519: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 520 and 521: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 522 and 523: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 524 and 525: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 526 and 527: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 528 and 529: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 530 and 531: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 532 and 533: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 534 and 535: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 536 and 537: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 538 and 539: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 540 and 541: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 542 and 543: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 544 and 545: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 546 and 547: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 548 and 549: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 550 and 551: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 552 and 553: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 554 and 555: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 556 and 557: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
- Page 558 and 559: The Navy Court of Inquiry (July 24-
Army <strong>Pearl</strong> <strong>Harbor</strong> Board 487<br />
clock on the wall <strong>and</strong> at my watch.” Th e long Japanese reply was<br />
on Marshall’s desk when he came in. Marshall read it <strong>and</strong> then “a<br />
discussion <strong>of</strong> the entire communication” ensued. 168<br />
Bratton urged the APHB to obtain, not only the Japanese<br />
reply to the U.S. November 26 “ultimatum,” but also<br />
the 30 or 40 other messages which preceded it; that is, the<br />
exchanges between the Ambassador in Washington <strong>and</strong> the<br />
foreign minister in Tokyo. . . . And consider the picture that lay<br />
before all <strong>of</strong> our policy-making <strong>and</strong> planning <strong>of</strong>fi cials, from the<br />
Secretary <strong>of</strong> State down through the Secretary <strong>of</strong> War, to the<br />
Chief <strong>of</strong> the War Plans Division. Th ey all had the same picture;<br />
<strong>and</strong> it was a picture that was being painted over a period <strong>of</strong><br />
weeks, if not months. 169<br />
APHB Obtains Japanese Intercepts – Finally!<br />
On October 6, 1944, the board gained access to the 45 to 50<br />
intercepts requested. 170<br />
After it actually had the intercepts in h<strong>and</strong>, it questioned a<br />
few fi nal witnesses <strong>and</strong> then its proceedings were concluded.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Army <strong>Pearl</strong> <strong>Harbor</strong> Board Report<br />
Th e APHB’s hearings <strong>and</strong> those <strong>of</strong> the NCI had run concurrently,<br />
the NCI from July 24 through September 27, 1944, the<br />
APHB from August 7 through October 6. Th e NCI report was<br />
dated October 19, that <strong>of</strong> the APHB, October 20, 1944. 171<br />
168Ibid., pp. 2419, 2420, 2422.<br />
169Ibid., p. 2424.<br />
170Ibid., p. 2449. For list <strong>of</strong> documents, see ibid., pp. 2456–57; for documents<br />
themselves, see part 31, pp. 3235–58.<br />
171Ibid., part 39, pp. 23–178, APHB Report, October 20, 1944; ibid., pp.<br />
179–230, Appendix to Report; ibid., pp. 231–69, Judge Advocate General<br />
(Major General) Myron C. Cramer’s analyses.